American Journal of Rhinology & Allergy

BACKGROUND: The ability to reliably and accurately cannulate the natural ostium of the maxillary sinus during balloon sinus dilation (BSD) has been criticized. Conventional computed tomography (CT)-guided navigation systems are helpful when dilating other sinuses, but they fail to provide meaningful feedback to guide accurate dilation of the maxillary sinus. OBJECTIVE: This study explores the potential impact of a new navigation system with virtual reality (VR) functionality on successful BSD of the maxillary sinus...

BACKGROUND: Endoplasmic reticulum stress (ER stress) is activated in chronic sinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) and leads to increased expression of C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP). However, the role of CHOP in the pathogenesis of CRSwNP remains unclear. METHODS: CHOP expression was detected by immunohistochemistry staining in nasal mucosa of control and CRSwNP patients. Co-localization of CHOP and cleaved caspase3, p-MLKL, and CD68 was detected by immunofluorescence staining in CRSwNP patients...

BACKGROUND: Olfactory dysfunction has been reported in 47.85% of COVID patients. It can be broadly categorized into conductive or sensorineural olfactory loss. Conductive loss occurs due to impaired nasal air flow, while sensorineural loss implies dysfunction of the olfactory epithelium or central olfactory pathways. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to analyze the clinical and imaging findings in patients with COVID-related olfactory dysfunction. Additionally, the study aimed to investigate the possible mechanisms of COVID-related olfactory dysfunction...

BACKGROUND: A considerable volume of possible applications of artificial intelligence (AI) in the field of rhinology exists, and research in the area is rapidly evolving. OBJECTIVE: This scoping review aims to provide a brief overview of all current literature on AI in the field of rhinology. Further, it aims to highlight gaps in the literature for future rhinology researchers. METHODS: OVID MEDLINE (1946-2022) and EMBASE (1974-2022) were searched from January 1, 2017 until May 14, 2022 to identify all relevant articles...

BACKGROUND: The pathogenesis of allergic rhinitis (AR) is ambiguous, while it is clear that various immune cells and cytokines play crucial roles in its occurrence and development. AIM: To investigate the effect of exogenous interleukin-10 (IL-10) on the expression of fibrinogen (FIB), procalcitonin (PCT), hypersensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), and Th17/Treg-IL10/IL-17 axis balance in the nasal mucosa of rats with AR. METHOD: In this study, 48 female-specific pathogen-free Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into 3 groups: blank control group, AR group, and IL-10 intervention group...

BACKGROUND: T helper type 2 (Th2), Th17, and regulatory T cells (Tregs) play essential roles in the pathogenesis and control of allergic rhinitis (AR). Fexofenadine and budesonide are first-line treatments for AR. This study aimed to investigate the effect of co-treatment with fexofenadine and budesonide on the expression of Th2, Th17, and Treg-specific transcription factors (GATA-binding protein 3 [GATA-3], RAR-related orphan receptor gamma [RORγt], and forkhead box P3 [FoxP3], respectively) in AR patients...

BACKGROUND: Previous research has shown diminished nasal immune function following nasal saline irrigation (NSI), returning to baseline at 6 hours. The aim of this study was to examine the immune nasal proteome before and after 14 days of nasal irrigation. METHODS: Seventeen healthy volunteers received either isotonic (IsoSal) or low salt (LowNa) NSI. Nasal secretions were collected before and 30 min after NSI at baseline and again after 14 days. Specimens were analyzed using mass spectrometry to detect proteins of relevance to nasal immune function...

BACKGROUND: Allergic rhinitis (AR) is a chronic nasal inflammation, characterized by nasal epithelial dysfunction. Gene therapy targeting transcription factors is a promising strategy for quenching allergic inflammation, including AR. OBJECTIVE: This study sought to probe the mechanism of Kruppel-like factor 4 (KLF4) in pyroptosis of nasal mucosal epithelial cells (NEpCs) in AR mice and provide targets for AR treatment. METHODS: AR mouse models were established using sensitization with ovalbumin, followed by injection with short hairpin RNA KLF4 (sh-KLF4)...

BACKGROUND: BALB/c and C57BL/6 mouse strains are commonly used in allergy research. The current study investigated the immunological differences between these two mouse strains with a locally allergic rhinitis model. METHODS: Eighteen BALB/c and eighteen C57BL/6 mice received different doses of ovalbumin (OVA) intranasally for eight weeks (each mouse strain has three subgroups, 25 mg/mL group, 0.25 mg/mL group, and the PBS group). The allergic symptoms, OVA-specific serum antibody (IgE, IgG1, IgG2a), cytokines (IL-4, IFN-γ, IL-10) in the splenic culture supernatant, infiltrating eosinophils and goblet cells in local nasal mucosa were measured...

BACKGROUND: Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is an inflammatory disorder of the upper airways. MicroRNAs (miRs) are reported to regulate several diverse physiological and pathological processes. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate the impact of miR-214 on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-mediated inflammation, and mucin 5AC (MUC5AC) expression in human nasal epithelial cells. METHODS: The expression of miR-214 was detected in CRS with polyps (CRSwNP) and CRS without polyps (CRSsNP) tissues...

BACKGROUND: Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) is a complex disorder and effective treatment remains a major challenge. Some antibiotics with anti-inflammatory properties are reported to have potential to be used as an adjunct therapy in the management of chronic airway inflammation. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of doxycycline in CRSwNP. METHODS: In this randomized, double-blind, placebo-control study, we assessed the efficacy of doxycycline in patients with moderate to severe CRSwNP...

BACKGROUND: Central compartment atopic disease (CCAD) and eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis (eCRS) are two clinical phenotypes of primary diffuse type 2 chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) defined in the European Position Paper on Rhinosinusitis 2020 classification. Currently, the distinction between these subtypes relies on phenotypic features alone. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate whether eosinophil activation differed between CCAD and eCRS. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted of adult patients presenting with CCAD and eCRS who had undergone functional endoscopic sinus surgery...

BACKGROUND: Most studies that seek to analyze the prevalence of allergic rhinitis do not include preschool children and the diagnosis in this age group is difficult. OBJECTIVE: Identify complementary tests to the diagnosis of allergic rhinitis in preschool children and verify if there is scientific robustness to propose a diagnostic algorithm for this condition in this age group. METHODS: Systematic review of the literature in four databases: SCIELO, PubMed/MEDLINE, LILACS and SCOPUS...

BACKGROUND: ClariFix for posterior nasal nerve ablation has been approved for use since 2017, and this is the first study attempting to synthesize and assess the efficacy of this new device on the management of chronic rhinitis. OBJECTIVE: The primary objective of this meta-analysis is to assess the efficacy of ClariFix in the symptomatic management of patients with chronic rhinitis. The main outcome measure is the mean difference in the reflective total nasal symptom score (rTNSS)...

BACKGROUND: There have been reports investigating the use of olfactory training in olfactory dysfunction after COVID-19. OBJECTIVE: We evaluated the effect of olfactory training on the olfactory dysfunction of patients infected with COVID-19. METHODS: We searched PubMed, EMBASE, the Web of Science, the Cochrane database, SCOPUS, and Google Scholar up to May 2022. We retrieved studies that compared the extents of olfactory dysfunction before and after olfactory training...

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BACKGROUND: Airway remodeling in patients with asthma was correlated with induced epithelial - mesenchymal transition (EMT) of bronchial epithelial cells. OBJECTIVE: This study examined the mechanism of Linc00511 on induced EMT of bronchial epithelial cells after transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) induction. METHODS: The human bronchial epithelial cell 16HBE was treated with 10 ng/mL TGF-β1 for 12 h, 24 h, or 48 h to induce EMT...

BACKGROUND: Informed consent requires preoperative discussion of surgical risks, complications, and alternative treatment options. Allegations of incomplete informed consent are common in the field of otolaryngology. OBJECTIVES: Analyze outcomes and case variables in cases of alleged informed consent failure involving otolaryngologists. METHODS: A legal research database containing state and federal case records from across the United States was retrospectively reviewed for malpractice claims involving informed consent and otolaryngology...

BACKGROUND: International consensus statements now subdivide chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) into several phenotypes and endotypes, including the presence of polyps (CRSwNP) and eosinophilia (eCRSwNP). Biological treatments aimed at blocking eosinophilic inflammation in CRSwNP via interleukin 5 (IL5) or the interleukin 5 receptor (IL5R) have demonstrated limited efficacy thus far. OBJECTIVE: To review the pathophysiology of eCRSwNP, the evidence for mepolizumab (anti-IL5) and benralizumab (anti-IL5R) in CRSwNP, and to highlight areas for future research and therapeutic intervention...

BACKGROUND: Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis (CRSwNP) is an inflammatory disease with a treatment goal of controlling symptoms and limiting disease burden. While endoscopic sinus surgery is effective for removing polyps and aerating sinuses, proper medical management remains necessary for reducing inflammation and limiting polyp recurrence. OBJECTIVE: This article aims to summarize the literature regarding medical treatment of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis, with a specific focus on developments in the past 5 years...