journal
https://read.qxmd.com/read/38403950/mexidol-cytoflavin-and-succinic-acid-derivatives-as-antihypoxic-anti-ischemic-metabolic-modulators-and-ergogenic-aids-in-athletes-and-consideration-of-their-potential-as-performance-enhancing-drugs
#21
REVIEW
Karol Jędrejko, Oliver Catlin, Timothy Stewart, Bożena Muszyńska
Emoxypine (ethylmethylhydroxypyridine) is a synthetic derivative of vitamin B6 . Emoxypine succinate is a registered drug in Russia and Ukraine under various trade names including Mexidol, Mexicor, and Armadin Long. Mexidol demonstrates antihypoxic and anti-ischemic effects and also modulates metabolism. The use of Mexidol by Russian athletes has been confirmed in the past. Current use by athletes is unknown as this drug is not monitored or included in drug testing protocol. Metabotropic and antihypoxic effects of Mexidol were compared to the effects of meldonium or trimetazidine, both of which are included on the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) Prohibited List in category S4...
February 25, 2024: Drug Testing and Analysis
https://read.qxmd.com/read/38403949/gene-doping-detection-in-the-era-of-genomics
#22
REVIEW
Ruihong Li, Peipei Su, Yi Shi, Hui Shi, Shengqian Ding, Xianbin Su, Peijie Chen, Die Wu
Recent progress in gene editing has enabled development of gene therapies for many genetic diseases, but also made gene doping an emerging risk in sports and competitions. By delivery of exogenous transgenes into human body, gene doping not only challenges competition fairness but also places health risk on athletes. World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) has clearly inhibited the use of gene and cell doping in sports, and many techniques have been developed for gene doping detection. In this review, we will summarize the main tools for gene doping detection at present, highlight the main challenges for current tools, and elaborate future utilizations of high-throughput sequencing for unbiased, sensitive, economic and large-scale gene doping detections...
February 25, 2024: Drug Testing and Analysis
https://read.qxmd.com/read/38403885/homologous-blood-transfusion-and-doping-where-are-we-now
#23
REVIEW
Alexandre Marchand, Magnus Ericsson
Homologous blood transfusion (HBT) is used for doping in endurance sports since the 1960s. The blood comes from a compatible donor, that is, someone with a compatible ABO and rhesus blood group. Despite been prohibited by the IOC in 1985, no detection method was available until 2003. Then came the idea to use red blood cells (RBC) minor blood groups antigens that constitute an "identity" card of someone's RBC to detect the presence of a second RBC population. The method validated for doping control samples uses flow cytometry after incubation of isolated RBC with eight to 12 primary antibodies against specific minor blood groups antigens...
February 25, 2024: Drug Testing and Analysis
https://read.qxmd.com/read/38389255/emcdda-framework-and-practical-guidance-for-naming-cathinones
#24
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Benedikt Pulver, Svenja Fischmann, Ana Gallegos, Rachel Christie
Cathinones are often sold as "legal" alternatives to controlled stimulants such as amphetamine, MDMA and cocaine. Cathinones are the second largest group of new psychoactive substances (NPS), with close to 170 monitored by the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA). Although all cathinones are related to the parent compound cathinone, one of the psychoactive principles in khat, assigning consistent, informative and user-friendly common names to these substances is challenging. Over time different naming approaches have been applied, leading to cathinones being known by several names...
February 22, 2024: Drug Testing and Analysis
https://read.qxmd.com/read/38382494/mrna-biomarkers-sensitive-and-specific-to-micro-dose-erythropoietin-treatment-at-sea-level-and-altitude
#25
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Francesco Loria, Andreas Breenfeldt Andersen, Jacob Bejder, Thomas Bonne, Silke Grabherr, Tiia Kuuranne, Nicolas Leuenberger, Nikolai Baastrup Nordsborg
Recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO) is prohibited by the World Anti-Doping Agency. rhEPO abuse can be indirectly detected via the athlete biological passport (ABP). However, altitude exposure challenges interpretation of the ABP. This study investigated whether 5'-aminolevulinate synthase 2 (ALAS2) and carbonic anhydrase 1 (CA1) in capillary dried blood spots (DBSs) are sensitive and specific markers of rhEPO treatment at altitude. ALAS2 and CA1 expression was monitored in DBS collected weekly before, during, and after a 3-week period at sea level or altitude...
February 21, 2024: Drug Testing and Analysis
https://read.qxmd.com/read/38382125/development-and-validation-of-a-liquid-chromatography-tandem-mass-spectrometry-lc-ms-ms-method-including-25-novel-synthetic-opioids-in-hair-and-subsequent-analysis-of-a-swiss-opioid-consumer-cohort
#26
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Max Polke, Marta Concheiro, Gail Cooper, Christian Bogdal, Markus R Baumgartner, Thomas Krämer, Tina M Binz
Major public health concern is raised by the evidence that common drugs like heroin are now frequently laced or replaced with highly potent novel synthetic opioids (NSOs). The objective of this study was to explore the prevalence and patterns of NSOs in a cohort of Swiss opioid users by hair analysis. Hair analysis is considered an ideal tool for retrospective consumption monitoring. Hair samples from 439 opioid users in Zurich were analyzed. Study inclusion required a previous positive hair test result for heroin metabolites, oxycodone, fentanyl, methadone, or tramadol...
February 21, 2024: Drug Testing and Analysis
https://read.qxmd.com/read/38374541/elimination-profile-of-low-dose-chlortalidone-and-its-detection-in-hair-for-doping-analysis-implication-for-unintentional-non-therapeutic-exposure
#27
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Detlef Thieme, Kai Weigel, Patricia Anielski, Aniko Krumbholz, Frank Sporkert, Annekathrin M Keiler
Chlortalidone (CLT) is a thiazide-type diuretic with high affinity for the erythrocyte carbonic anhydrase. Therapeutically, it is mostly used to treat edema and hypertension due to liver cirrhosis, heart insufficiency, or renal dysfunction. Although diuretics and masking agents are prohibited by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) at all times in sports, substances belonging to this category are constantly detected in athlete samples, according to WADA's annual testing figures. Within this group of structurally diverse compounds, a threshold of 20 ng/mL has been introduced for six substances solely due to their presence as contaminants in other permitted drugs because of pharmaceutical production processes...
February 19, 2024: Drug Testing and Analysis
https://read.qxmd.com/read/38361255/routine-application-of-sfc-ms-in-doping-control-analysis-of-3%C3%A2-%C3%A3-%C3%A2-1000-urine-samples-using-three-different-sfc-ms-instruments
#28
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Ivana Gavrilović, Bernhard Wüst, Jonathan Danaceau, Emmanuelle Braidman, Xavier de la Torre, Francesco Botrè, Maria Kristina Parr, David Cowan
Supercritical fluid chromatography-mass spectrometry (SFC-MS) has proved to be a beneficial tool for sample analysis for a wide variety of compounds and, as such, has recently gained the attention of the anti-doping community. We have tested the applicability of SFC-MS for routine doping control analysing approximately 3 × 1000 identical anti-doping samples utilising SFC-MS instruments from three different vendors: Agilent Technologies, Waters Corporation and Shimadzu Corporation. A 'dilute and inject' approach either without or after hydrolysis of glucuronide metabolites was applied...
February 15, 2024: Drug Testing and Analysis
https://read.qxmd.com/read/38360045/absence-of-new-psychoactive-substances-in-wastewater-from-south-wales-uk-revealed-by-optimised-liquid-chromatography-time-of-flight-analysis
#29
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Bethan Davies, Richard Paul, David Osselton, Richard Evers, Timothy Woolley
New psychoactive substances are produced and marketed to mimic the effects of their illicit counterparts and to attempt to evade drug tests and prosecution. Here, we present the optimisation, validation and application of an analytical method using liquid chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry to detect and quantify 37 new psychoactive substances and illicit substances in wastewater from South Wales, UK, using a targeted analysis method. Sample preparation was performed using solid-phase extraction with Oasis HLB cartridges...
February 15, 2024: Drug Testing and Analysis
https://read.qxmd.com/read/38356252/interest-of-hair-tests-to-discriminate-a-tail-end-of-a-doping-regimen-from-a-meat-contamination-in-case-of-challenging-an-antidoping-rule-violation-iii-case-report-involving-boldenone
#30
LETTER
https://read.qxmd.com/read/38350637/adb-hexinaca-a-novel-synthetic-cannabinoid-with-a-hexyl-substituent-phase-i-metabolism-in-authentic-urine-samples-a-case-report-and-prevalence-on-the-german-market
#31
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Arianna Giorgetti, Annette Zschiesche, Olwen Groth, Belal Haschimi, Martin Scheu, Guido Pelletti, Paolo Fais, Frank Musshoff, Volker Auwärter
Synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists (SCRAs) are one of the largest groups of new psychoactive substances (NPS). Yet, another novel analog started spreading on the NPS market around 2021. Soon after, the substance could be analytically characterized in herbal material as ADB-HEXINACA, an SCRA containing a hexyl-substituted tail on the indazole core. Here, we present suitable urinary markers to prove the consumption of this analog, a case report of acute polydrug intoxication and data on its prevalence in Germany...
February 13, 2024: Drug Testing and Analysis
https://read.qxmd.com/read/38342098/prevalence-of-nandrolone-preparations-with-endogenous-carbon-isotope-ratios-in-australia
#32
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Michael Polet, Peter Van Eenoo, Lance Brooker, Claire Edey, Vanessa Agon, Janelle Grainger, Gemma Payne, Catrin Goebel
Nandrolone and its prohormones, including 19-norandrost-4-ene-3,17-dione and 19-norandrost-4-ene-3β,17β-diol, are anabolic steroids forbidden at all times in sports according to the World Anti-Doping Code Prohibited List and its metabolite 19-norandrosterone (19NA) is the preferred urinary target compound to identify their abuse. In recent years, an increasing number of 19NA isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) cases have arisen that, based on the initial testing procedure, were likely to result in an adverse analytical finding but were concluded negative after IRMS analysis...
February 11, 2024: Drug Testing and Analysis
https://read.qxmd.com/read/38326879/ambient-ionisation-mass-spectrometry-for-drug-and-toxin-analysis-a-review-of-the-recent-literature
#33
REVIEW
Alisha Henderson, Liam M Heaney, Stephanie Rankin-Turner
Ambient ionisation mass spectrometry (AIMS) is a form of mass spectrometry whereby analyte ionisation occurs outside of a vacuum source under ambient conditions. This enables the direct analysis of samples in their native state, with little or no sample preparation and without chromatographic separation. The removal of these steps facilitates a much faster analytical process, enabling the direct analysis of samples within minutes if not seconds. Consequently, AIMS has gained rapid popularity across a diverse range of applications, in particular the analysis of drugs and toxins...
February 7, 2024: Drug Testing and Analysis
https://read.qxmd.com/read/38320573/evaluation-of-a-single-eporatio%C3%A2-micro-dose-in-urine-and-dried-blood-spots
#34
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Carmel E Heiland, Mikael Lehtihet, Annica Börjesson, Lena Ekström
Recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO) has been abused as a performance enhancer in sports for several years, but with advancements in detection methods, even micro-doses can be detected in dried blood spot (DBS) samples. Here, we present the results from an Eporatio® (epoetin theta) micro-dose administration study to detect rhEPO in DBS samples. Five healthy male volunteers received a 15 IU/kg subcutaneous dose of Eporatio®. Urine and DBS samples (Mitra® VAMS and Capitainer® B50) were collected 1, 10, 24, 36, 48 and 72 h after drug administration...
February 6, 2024: Drug Testing and Analysis
https://read.qxmd.com/read/38316149/synthetic-cannabinoid-detection-in-patients-admitted-for-drug-rehabilitation-in-the-united-arab-emirates
#35
Abuelgasim Elrasheed, Simon Elliott, Muneeb Venayikot, Thomas Keller
This paper describes the investigation of synthetic cannabinoid news psychoactive substances in drug rehabilitation patients in the UAE. This represents the latest data for such drugs in the Gulf region.
February 5, 2024: Drug Testing and Analysis
https://read.qxmd.com/read/38296259/estimation-of-anti-diabetes-drug-metformin-in-turkiye-using-wastewater-based-epidemiology
#36
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Evsen Yavuz Guzel, Aslı Atasoy Aydin, İsmail Ethem Gören, Nebile Daglioglu
Metformin is the most commonly used drug for the treatment of type 2 diabetes (T2D), which is dramatically increasing due to factors such as increasing obesity, physical inactivity, and aging of the population. Metformin analysis was carried out in composite wastewater samples seasonally collected from wastewater treatment plants in 10 cities in 2019 and 2020 30 cities in 2021 in Turkiye. Metformin was measured in all wastewater samples, with an average concentration of 97.81 μg/l in 2019, 75.19 μg/l in 2020, and 69...
January 31, 2024: Drug Testing and Analysis
https://read.qxmd.com/read/38291987/a-snp-based-genotyping-strategy-to-detect-the-abuse-of-homologous-blood-transfusion-from-dried-blood-spots
#37
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Francesco Donati, Alice Natalucci, Livia Concetti, Xavier de la Torre, Francesco Botrè
We performed genotyping analysis of human biallelic polymorphisms (single nucleotide polymorphisms) for the detection of homologous blood transfusion in sports doping. DNA was extracted from dried blood spots and quantified real-time fast PCR. The method was proven to allow the detection of transfusions up to a donor percentage of 1%, with a significant improvement in terms of sensitivity with respect to both the reference cytofluorimetric method and a previously proposed strategy based on the DNA STR-based strategy...
January 31, 2024: Drug Testing and Analysis
https://read.qxmd.com/read/38291831/yearly-intrasubject-variability-of-hematological-biomarkers-in-elite-athletes-for-the-athlete-biological-passport
#38
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Krumm Bastien, Lundby Carsten, Hansen Joar, Bejder Jacob, Sørensen Henrik, Equey Tristan, Saugy Jonas, Botrè Francesco, Faiss Raphael
Confounding factors including exercise and environments challenge the interpretation of individual Athlete Biological Passports (ABPs). This study aimed to investigate the natural variability of hematological ABP parameters over 1 year in elite athletes compared with healthy control subjects and the validity of a multiparametric model estimating plasma volume (PV) shifts to correct individual ABP thresholds. Blood samples were collected monthly with full blood counts performed by flow cytometry (Sysmex XN analyzers) in 20 elite xc-skiers (ELITE) and 20 moderately trained controls...
January 30, 2024: Drug Testing and Analysis
https://read.qxmd.com/read/38263626/automated-enzymatic-hydrolysis-of-urine-samples-for-improved-systematic-toxicological-analysis-of-drug-facilitated-sexual-assault-cases
#39
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Kathrine Skov, Sys Stybe Johansen, Kristian Linnet, Marie Katrine Klose Nielsen
Drug-facilitated sexual assault (DFSA) is characterized by victim incapacitation due to intoxicating substances. Detection of single drug exposure from DFSA requires a systematic toxicological analysis strategy including sensitive methods covering a broad spectrum of substances. The aim of this study was to develop and validate an UHPLC-MS/MS screening method for analysis of samples from DFSA cases and incorporate an automated enzymatic pre-treatment of urine samples into a robotic sample preparation for an efficient laboratory workflow...
January 23, 2024: Drug Testing and Analysis
https://read.qxmd.com/read/38263625/identification-of-thermolabile-positional-isomers-of-n-2-hydroxybenzyl-2-dimethoxyphenyl-ethanamines-nboh-series-using-chromatography-and-mass-spectrometry-methods
#40
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Olga V Kupriyanova, Vadim A Shevyrin, Raziya G Sadykova, Yuri M Shafran
Among N-((2-substituted)benzyl)phenylethanamines, N-(2-hydroxybenzyl)phenylethanamines are a special type of compounds which are thermolabile and degrade in the course of analysis by means of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). This can lead to substantial errors, in the identification of legally controlled compounds of this series containing methoxy groups at positions 2 and 5 of the benzene ring of the phenylethyl fragment by GC-MS, which is commonly used in forensic and toxicological laboratories...
January 23, 2024: Drug Testing and Analysis
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