Frontiers in Human Neuroscience

The entorhinal cortex (EC) and hippocampal (HC) connectivity is the main source of episodic memory formation and consolidation. The entorhinal-hippocampal (EC-HC) connection is classified as canonically glutamatergic and, more recently, has been characterized as a non-canonical GABAergic connection. Recent evidence shows that both EC and HC receive inputs from dopaminergic, cholinergic, and noradrenergic projections that modulate the mnemonic processes linked to the encoding and consolidation of memories. In the present review, we address the latest findings on the EC-HC connectivity and the role of neuromodulations during the mnemonic mechanisms of encoding and consolidation of memories and highlight the value of the cross-species approach to unravel the underlying cellular mechanisms known...

Identification of neuromuscular impairments in cerebral palsy (CP) is essential to providing effective treatment. However, clinical recognition of neuromuscular impairments in CP and their contribution to gait abnormalities is limited, resulting in suboptimal treatment outcomes. While CP is the most common childhood movement disorder, clinical evaluations often do not accurately identify and delineate the primary neuromuscular and secondary musculoskeletal impairments or their specific impact on mobility. Here we discuss the primary neuromuscular impairments of CP that arise from early brain injury and the progressive secondary musculoskeletal impairments, with a focus on spastic CP, the most common form of CP...

No abstract text is available yet for this article.

BACKGROUND: The benefits of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) for patients with major depression disorders are well-established, however, there is a notable research gap concerning its comprehensive effects on both depressive symptoms and cognitive functions. Existing research is inconclusive regarding the cognitive enhancement effects of tDCS specifically in MDD patients. The present study aims to fill this knowledge gap by scrutinizing the most updated evidence on the effectiveness of tDCS in anti-depressive treatment and its influence on cognitive function...

No abstract text is available yet for this article.

INTRODUCTION: Aided auditory late latency response (LLR) serves as an objective tool for evaluating auditory cortical maturation following cochlear implantation in children. While aided LLR is commonly measured using sound-field acoustic stimulation, recording electrically evoked LLR (eLLR) offer distinct advantages, such as improved stimulus control and the capability for single electrode stimulation. Hence, the study aimed to compare eLLR responses with single electrode stimulation in the apical, middle, and basal regions and to evaluate their relationship with speech perception in paediatric cochlear implant (CI) recipients...

When expressing comparisons of magnitude, Pitjantjatjara, a language indigenous to the land now known as Australia, employs contextually driven comparators (e.g., Anyupa is tall. Uma is short) rather than a dedicated morphological or syntactic comparative construction (e.g., Anyupa is taller than Uma). Pitjantjatjara also has a small number of lexicalized numerals, employing 'one', 'two', 'three', then 'many'. It is hypothesized that having dedicated comparatives in language and elaborated number systems aid comparisons of magnitudes...

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic neuroinflammatory disease characterized by central nervous system demyelination and axonal degeneration. Fatigue affects a major portion of MS patients, significantly impairing their daily activities and quality of life. Despite its prevalence, the mechanisms underlying fatigue in MS are poorly understood, and measuring fatigue remains a challenging task. This study evaluates the efficacy of automated speech analysis in detecting fatigue in MS patients. MS patients underwent a detailed clinical assessment and performed a comprehensive speech protocol...

Clear speech, a speaking style used to mitigate communicative circumstances affecting the transmission or decoding of speech signal, often involves the enhancement of language-specific phonological contrasts, including laryngeal contrasts. This study investigates the role of language dominance in the implementation of language-specific laryngeal contrasts in L2 clear speech. Two groups of Korean-English speakers (L1 Korean) were tested: a relatively less Korean-dominant L2-immersed group of sequential bilinguals ( N  = 30) and a strongly Korean-dominant L1-immersed group ( N  = 30), with dominance assessed based on the results of the Bilingual Language Profile...

In 1969 Joseph Bogen, a colleague of Roger Sperry and the neurosurgeon who performed commissurotomy on Sperry's "split-brain" study participants, wrote an article subtitled "The Corpus Callosum and Creativity." The article argued for the critical role of the corpus callosum and hemispheric specialization in creativity. Building on a four-stage model of creativity (learning, incubation, illumination, refinement) and Sperry's innovative studies, the Bogens posited that in the intact brain, creativity relies on two opposing functions of the corpus callosum: (a) interhemispheric inhibition to facilitate simultaneous and independent activity of uniquely-specialized processing centers during learning and incubation and (b) interhemispheric facilitation to support the increased bi-hemispheric integration and coordination which produces illumination...

INTRODUCTION: This study investigated the variability in lumbar neuromuscular adaptations to pain, the task dependency of pain adaptations and the effect of these adaptations on motor performance. METHODS: Twenty-four healthy participants performed isometric back extension contractions at 45° and 90° trunk flexion under pain-free and experimental low back pain conditions induced by electrical stimulation. High-density surface electromyography recorded lumbar muscle activation strategies, and force steadiness was measured using a load cell...

INTRODUCTION: This study investigates the multifaceted nature of motor learning in a complex bimanual task by examining the interplay between mental representation structures, biomechanics, tactile pressure, and performance. We developed a novel maze game requiring participants to maneuver a rolling sphere through a maze, exemplifying complex sequential coordination of vision and haptic control using both hands. A key component of this study is the introduction of cognitive primitives, fundamental units of cognitive and motor actions that represent specific movement patterns and strategies...

INTRODUCTION: Deaf students have more difficulties with emotion regulation due to their hearing loss. They are suffering higher socio-emotional risk than the hearing person. But there are few studies explored the neural mechanisms of impaired emotion regulation in the deaf college students. METHODS: Thirty hearing college students and 27 deaf college students completed the emotion regulation task while recording ERP data and subjective emotion intensity. RESULTS: Behavioral results found that deaf college students had higher emotional experience intensity compared to healthy controls...

A recent report showed that experiencing pain requires not only activities in the brain, but also the generation of electric fields in a defined area of the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). The present manuscript presents evidence that electromagnetic (EM) waves are also necessary. Action potentials (APs) encoding information about an injury stimulate thousands synapses on pyramidal neurons within the ACC resulting in the generation of synchronized oscillating (EM) waves and the activation of NMDA receptors...

BACKGROUND: In China's coal mines, employees work in environments reaching depths of 650 m, with temperatures around 40°C and humidity levels as high as 90%, adversely affecting their health, safety capabilities, and cognitive functions, especially working memory. This study aims to explore different temperature and humidity conditions' impact on neurocognitive mechanisms to enhance occupational health and safety. METHODS: This study, conducted between June and August 2023, with 100 coalmine workers from the Hongliulin Mining Group, utilized functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) and short-term visual memory tasks to evaluate the effects of high temperatures and humidity on working memory by monitoring activity in the cerebral cortex...

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2024.1394374.].

INTRODUCTION: Degeneracy in the brain-behavior code refers to the brain's ability to utilize different neural configurations to support similar functions, reflecting its adaptability and robustness. This study aims to explore degeneracy by investigating the non-linear associations between psychometric profiles and resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC). METHODS: The study analyzed RSFC data from 500 subjects to uncover the underlying neural configurations associated with various psychometric outcomes...

No abstract text is available yet for this article.

BACKGROUND: The fronto-cerebellar functional network has been proposed to subserve cognitive processing speed. This study aims to elucidate how the long-range frontal-to-cerebellar effective connectivity contributes to faster speed. METHODS: In total, 60 healthy participants were randomly allocated to three five-daily sessions of transcranial magnetic stimulation conditions, namely intermittent theta-burst stimulation (iTBS, excitatory), continuous theta-burst stimulation (CTBS, inhibitory), or a sham condition...

Emotion involves oneself in relation to a subject of attention; e.g., sadness is to be sad about something/someone. This study examined emotional responses to perceiving a loss of connection from oneself. Evidence suggests that Europeans tend to perceive salient objects in the foreground, while East Asians are more likely to perceive holistically, considering the interrelationships between the context and the object. We studied how this distinction affected European Americans' (EA) and Chinese Americans' (CA) sensitivity to perceiving the loss of connection...