Expert Review of Clinical Immunology

INTRODUCTION: Fibroblasts are the primary supporting cells in connective tissue and have long been thought to contribute to chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) by producing extracellular matrix (ECM), leading to fibrosis and tissue remodeling. However, recent studies have highlighted the critical role of nasal polyp-derived fibroblasts (NPDFs) in triggering and intensifying the inflammatory response in CRSwNP. AREAS COVERED: This review undertook a comprehensive literature search across the PubMed database, Web of Science since 2000, offering an in-depth summary of the pivotal role of NPDFs in tissue remodeling and inflammatory responses in CRSwNP...

INTRODUCTION: Depression and anxiety are among the most prevalent mental health conditions in Brazil. Both are associated with poor quality of life (HRQoL) and challenges in disease management for chronic illnesses, including Behçet's disease (BD). This study aimed to evaluate depression, anxiety, and HRQoL in BD patients from a non-endemic area. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: This case-control study included adult BD patients from Brazilian tertiary center and healthy controls (HC)...

OBJECTIVE: To probe the involvement of long noncoding RNA zinc finger antisense 1 (ZFAS1)/microRNA (miR)-186-5p axis in inhibiting oxidative stress in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury (MIRI) by targeting B-cell translocation gene 2 (BTG2). METHODS: The MIRI mice model was established by ligating the left anterior descending branch of the left coronary artery in C57BL/6 mice. The in vitro MIRI model was constructed by hypoxia and reoxygenation of HL-1 cardiomyocytes...

INTRODUCTION: Allergen immunotherapy (AIT) is the only disease-modifying treatment for patients with IgE-mediated allergic diseases. Successful AIT can induce long-term immune tolerance to the common allergen, which provides clinical benefits for years after discontinuation. The cytokine interleukin (IL)-10, as a key anti-inflammatory mediator with strong immunoregulatory functions, has drawn increasing attention over the past decades. AREAS COVERED: After an extensive search of PubMed, EMBASE, and Web of Science databases, covering articles published from 1989 to 2024, our review aims to emphasize the key common information from previous reviews on the crucial involvement of IL-10 in allergen immunotherapy (AIT) induced immunological tolerance...

INTRODUCTION: The pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) involves the dysregulation of multiple inflammatory pathways. The understanding of these mechanisms allows their selective targeting for therapeutic purposes. The discovery of Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha's (TNF-α) role in mucosal inflammation ushered an exciting new era of drug development which now comprises agents targeting multiple pro-inflammatory signaling pathways, integrins, and leukocyte trafficking regulators...

INTRODUCTION: Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) is an inborn error of immunity that is fatal without hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) or gene therapy (GT). Survival outcomes have improved, largely due to implementation of SCID newborn screening. A better understanding of the long-term outcomes and late effects to address critical aspects of monitoring immune and general health life-long is needed. AREAS COVERED: In a comprehensive review of PubMed indexed articles with publication dates 2008-2024 we describe the current knowledge of chronic and late effects (CLE) of HCT survivors for SCID as well as the role of GT and advances for specific SCID genotypes...

INTRODUCTION: Interstitial lung disease (ILD) is a potential severe complication of various rheumatic diseases, typically connective tissue diseases (CTD), associated with significant morbidity and mortality. ILD may occur during the course of the disease but may also be its first manifestation. Several cell types are involved in ILD's pathogenesis, and if not controlled, pulmonary inflammation may lead to pulmonary fibrosis. AREAS COVERED: We searched PubMed, Medline, and the Cochrane Library for papers published between 1995 and February 2017 in the first version, and between 2017 and April 2023 using combinations of words...

INTRODUCTION: Tuberculosis (TB) remains a global health challenge, underscoring the need for accurate diagnosis, particularly for Latent TB Infection. This meta-analysis assesses the diagnostic performance of QuantiFERON-TB Gold Plus (QFT) using Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) with Chemiluminescence Immunoassay (CLIA). AREAS COVERED: We systematically reviewed studies comparing QFT-CLIA with QFT-ELISA for TB detection. The literature search was carried out on PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, covering publications up to September 15, 2023...

INTRODUCTION: Current medications for autoimmune disorders often induce broad-ranging side effects, prompting a growing interest in therapies with more specific immune system modulation. Pioglitazone, known for its anti-diabetic properties, is increasingly recognized for significant immunomodulatory potential. Beyond its traditional use in diabetes management, pioglitazone emerges as a promising therapeutic candidate for autoimmune disorders. AREAS COVERED: This comprehensive review explores pioglitazone's impact on four prominent autoimmune conditions: systemic lupus erythematosus, psoriasis, inflammatory bowel disease, and multiple sclerosis...

INTRODUCTION: Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is the rheumatic disease with the highest individual mortality rate with detrimental impact on quality of life. Cell-based therapies may offer new perspectives for this disease as recent phase I trials support the safety of IV infusion of allogeneic mesenchymal stromal cells in SSc and case reports highlight the potential use of Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR)-T cells targeting CD19 in active SSc patients who have not responded to conventional immunosuppressive therapies...

INTRODUCTION: Complement was long thought not to be involved in ANCA vasculitis pathogenesis until studies in murine models demonstrated its central role. The current theory is ANCA-activated neutrophils degranulate and release factors that activate complement, which, in turn, recruits more neutrophils and causes an inflammatory amplification loop that results in the vascular inflammation characteristic of disease. Targeting this amplification loop through complement inhibition has proven to be effective in ANCA vasculitis treatment...

BACKGROUND: Bullous pemphigoid (BP) is a severe autoimmune sub-epidermal bullous disease. Exosomes are small extracellular vesicles secreted by most cell types. The exosomal membrane proteins are implicated in various biological and pathological pathways. This study aims to explore the potential roles of exosomes in BP pathomechanism. RESEARCH DESIGN: We collected plasma samples from 30 BP patients and 31 healthy controls. Nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) was used to analyze the size and concentration of exosomes...

INTRODUCTION: Kawasaki disease [KD] is a systemic disorder characterized by acute febrile illness due to widespread medium-vessel vasculitis, mainly affecting children. Despite the ongoing advanced research into the disease pathophysiology and molecular mechanisms, the exact etiopathogenesis of KD is still an enigma. Recently, single-cell RNA sequencing [scRNA-seq], has been utilized to elucidate the pathophysiology of KD at a resolution higher than that of previous methods. AREA COVERED: In the present article, we re-emphasize the pivotal role of this high-resolution technique, scRNA-seq , in the characterization of immune cell transcriptomic profile and signaling/response pathways in KD and explore the diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic potential of this new technique in KD...

INTRODUCTION: Pain in both peripheral and axial joints is a major symptom in patients with psoriatic arthritis (PsA) and axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA). Emerging evidence demonstrates pain mechanisms, beyond those related to inflammation or joint damage, based on aberrant processing of nociceptive stimuli peripherally as well as centrally. The Janus kinase/signal transducers and activators of transcription (JAK-STAT) signaling pathway has been implicated in the processing of pain beyond its role in mediating inflammation and inhibitors of this pathway approved for the treatment of axSpA and PsA have been shown to alleviate a broad array of pain outcomes in both axial and peripheral joints...

OBJECTIVE: This study investigated the predictive value of albumin-related inflammatory markers for short-term outcomes in in-hospital cardiac arrest (IHCA) patients. METHODS: A linear mixed model investigated the dynamic changes of markers within 72 hours after return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC). Time-Dependent COX regression explored the predictive value. Mediation analysis quantified the association of markers with organ dysfunctions and adverse outcomes...

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INTRODUCTION: CVID is the commonest and most symptomatic primary immune deficiency of adulthood. NHLs are the most prevalent malignancies in CVID. The cross-talk between tumor cells and immune cells may be an important risk factor in lymphomagenesis. AREAS COVERED: The present review highlights immune cell, genetic and histopathological alterations in the CVID-associated NHLs. EXPERT OPINION: CVID patients exhibit some notable immune defects that may predispose to lymphomas...

INTRODUCTION: The emergence of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and the subsequent coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has raised questions about its impact on pediatric asthma. This review analyzes the latest research to offer a comprehensive understanding of the dynamics between COVID-19 and pediatric asthma. AREAS COVERED: This narrative review examines the effects of COVID-19 on pediatric asthma, exploring clinical outcomes, immune responses, recommended treatments, the impact of SARS-CoV-2 strains, and COVID-19 vaccination...

OBJECTIVES: There is scarce data in the literature concerning the anti-GAD65 antibodies (GAD-Abs) autoimmunity in the Omani population. METHODS: Retrospective cohort study included GAD-Abs positive patients (n = 444) presented to a tertiary referral center in Oman from January 2005 until January 2018, with a five-year follow-up to study the cancer association and mortality outcomes. RESULTS: Out of 444 patients, 27 patients (6.1%) showed GAD-Abs related neurological disorders...

INTRODUCTION: Tight junctions (TJs) and their constituent proteins play pivotal roles in cellular physiology and anatomy by establishing functional boundaries within and between neighboring cells. While the involvement of TJ proteins, such as claudins, in cancer is extensively studied, studies highlighting their interaction with immune system are still meager. Studies indicate that alterations in cytokines and immune cell populations can affect TJ proteins, compromising TJ barrier function and exacerbating pro-inflammatory conditions, potentially leading to epithelial cell malignancy...