Current Diabetes Reviews

BACKGROUND: Millions of people worldwide are affected by the serious consequences of diabetes mellitus, which is a major global health concern. We analyze the possibility of muscle- strengthening activities as an appropriate therapeutic strategy for controlling the progression of diabetes mellitus in this comprehensive review. In this review, we explore the molecular processes underlying the glucose uptake in skeletal muscle, revealing how exercise can improve insulin sensitivity and glucose homeostasis...

BACKGROUND: The global incidence of type 2 diabetes (T2D) persists at epidemic proportions. Early diagnosis and/or preventive efforts are critical to attenuate the multi-systemic clinical manifestation and consequent healthcare burden. Despite enormous strides in the understanding of pathophysiology and on-going therapeutic development, effectiveness and access are persistent limitations. Among the greatest challenges, the extensive research efforts have not promulgated reliable predictive biomarkers for early detection and risk assessment...

The utilization of nanotechnology-based herbal medication delivery systems is gaining attention as a novel approach to treating diabetes mellitus. The incorporation of nanotechnology into herbal medicine provides benefits such as enhanced Stability, solubility, and bioavailability of herbal medications. The purpose of this paper is to summarise the present status of research on herbal medicine delivery systems based on nanotechnology for the treatment of diabetic patients. The paper evaluates the various nanocarriers and herbal drugs used, the challenges and opportunities in the development of these systems, and their potential efficacy and safety...

BACKGROUND: Dating violence is a prevalent issue among Mexican women, as is the incidence and prevalence of Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The effects of dating violence can negatively impact lifestyle and, consequently, increase the risk of T2DM. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to explore the influence of dating violence on lifestyle and the risk of T2DM in women university students from Mexico. METHODS: The study employed a cross-sectional and correlational design...

INTRODUCTION: Neonatal diabetes mellitus (NDM) is characterized by severe hyperglycemia, usually diagnosed in the first few months of an individual's life. It is a genetic disease and one of the main forms of monogenic diabetes. Changes in different genes have already been associated with NDM, including changes in the gene PDX1. METHODS: In this review, we intend to summarize all neonatal diabetes cases caused by PDX1 mutations reported in the literature. For this purpose, we searched keywords in the literature from PubMed and articles cited by the HGMD database...

Several epidemiological studies have appreciated the impact of "duration" and "level" of hyperglycemia on the initiation and development of chronic complications of diabetes. However, glycemic profiles could not fully explain the presence/absence and severity of diabetic complications. Genetic issues and concepts of "hyperglycemic memory" have been introduced as additional influential factors involved in the pathobiology of late complications of diabetes. In the extended phase of significant diabetes randomized, controlled clinical trials, including DCCT/EDIC and UKPDS, studies have concluded that the quality of glycemic or metabolic control at the early time around the diabetes onset could maintain its protective or detrimental impact throughout the following diabetes course...

BACKGROUND: Myocardial infarction (MI) is a leading cause of death worldwide, particularly in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM). Tirofiban, a platelet GP IIb/IIIa receptor inhibitor, has shown promise as adjunctive therapy in the emergency management of MI in diabetic patients. However, a comprehensive understanding of its use, efficacy, safety, and limitations in this patient population is necessary to optimize treatment strategies and improve patient outcomes. METHODOLOGY: This review article utilized a systematic approach to gather relevant research articles, clinical trials, and studies on the use of tirofiban in the therapy of MI in diabetic patients...

The diabetic milieu is associated with cascades of pathophysiological pathways that culminate in diabetic complications and tissue injuries. Autophagy is an essential process mandatory for cell survival and tissue homeostasis by degrading damaged organelles and removing injured cells. However, it may turn into a pathological process in an aberrant mode in the diabetic and/or malignant milieu. Moreover, autophagy could serve as a promising therapeutic target for many complications related to tissue injury. Glp-1 mimetics are a class of newer antidiabetic agents that reduce blood glucose through several pathways...

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a chronic autoimmune disease caused by CD4+ and CD8+ that are activated via CD3+ cells and finally lead to the macrophages destroying the beta cells in the pancreas thereby causing diabetes. The anti-CD3 humanized monoclonal antibody was approved on 17th November 2022 by the United States Food Drug Administration (USFDA) with the name teplizumab and the brand name TZIELD. This is the only approved drug that treats type 1 diabetes (T1D) by delaying the onset of stage 3 in type 1 diabetes (T1D)...

INTRODUCTION: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disorder characterized by an abnormal increase in blood glucose levels, resulting from insulin secretion and/or dysfunctional activity that can lead to several serious complications in addition to decreased postural balance. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to identify and analyze the main interventions used to improve static balance in patients with DM. METHODS: For the selection of articles, a bibliographic search was performed using PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase, and Cochrane databases...

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is the most common microvascular complication of diabetes that damages the retina, leading to blindness. People with type 1 diabetes are at greater risk of developing DR than people with type 2 diabetes. Diabetic retinopathy may be divided into two primary categories: proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) and non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR). There are multiple risk factors for the onset and progression of diabetic retinopathy, such as hypertension, obesity, smoking, duration of diabetes, and genetics...

Estrogens are classically considered essential hormonal signals, but they exert profound effects in a number of physiological and pathological states, including glucose homeostasis and insulin resistance. Estrogen deficiency after menopause in most women leads to increased androgenicity and changes in body composition, and it is recommended to manipulate the β-cell function of the pancreas, insulin-induced glucose transport, and hepatic glucose output, hence, the increasing incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus...

BACKGROUND: Diabetes is one of the chronic and very complex diseases that can lead to microvascular complications. Recent evidence demonstrates that dysbiosis of the microbiota composition might result in low-grade, local, and systemic inflammation, which contributes directly to the development of diabetes mellitus and its microvascular consequences. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this systematic review was to investigate the association between diabetes microvascular complications, including retinopathy, neuropathy, nephropathy, and gut microbiota composition...

INTRODUCTION: The liver and kidneys are the primary locations of the glutathione metabolism enzyme gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT). The two main factors contributing to an increase are hepatic illnesses and excessive alcohol use. This study set out to test a theory on the predictive importance of the association between GGT and Type 2 diabetes mellitus. (T2DM). METHODS: In order to do this, we combed through PubMed, Google Scholar, Medline, and Science Direct for a wide range of information from previous studies...

Phytomedicine, also called botanical medicine, is the practice of using plants to treat disease. Diabetes, for example, has been treated and prevented with herbal medication for a lot longer than Western medicine. Worldwide, diabetes has become a major health concern. The management of diabetes and hyperglycemia, two of the most common public health threats, is far from ideal. When hyperglycemia persists or is not under control, diabetes-related complications, like blindness, lower limb amputations, renal disease, and cardiovascular disease, play a significant role in the morbidity and mortality of the disease...

AIM: Physical exercise is part of the type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) treatment. However, this practice is still neglected due to the wide variety of glycemic responses under the influence of anaerobic exercise. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the influence of anaerobic exercise on biomarkers of T1DM. METHODS: The systematic review was conducted on PubMed, Lilacs, and Embase, according to PRISMA. For this purpose, three groups of descriptors were used: adults with T1DM, anaerobic physical exercise, and glycemic control...

Diabetes is a chronic illness that can become debilitating owing to its microvascular and macrovascular complications. Its prevalence is increasing and so is its cost. Diabetes, particularly type 2, appears to have a very close relationship with obesity. While lifestyle modifications, exercises, and current therapeutics have substantially improved clinical outcomes, the need for new therapeutics and regimens continue to exist. Several new medications and regimens for diabetes, obesity, and diabesity are showing promising results in advanced clinical trials...

Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is one of the primary consequences of diabetes mellitus, affecting many people worldwide and is the main cause of death under the age of sixty. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production rises during hyperglycemia and is crucial to the development of diabetic complications. Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are produced excessively in a diabetic state and are accumulated in the kidney, where they change renal architecture and impair renal function. Another important targeted pathway for the formation of DN includes nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-kB), Nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3), protein kinase B/mammalian target of rapamycin (Akt/mTOR), and autophagy...

BACKGROUND: Empagliflozin is a sodium glucose co-transporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitor that has gained significant attention in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Understanding its chemistry, pharmacology, and toxicology is crucial for the safe and effective use of this medication. OBJECTIVE: This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the chemistry, pharmacology, and toxicology of empagliflozin, synthesizing the available literature to present a concise summary of its properties and implications for clinical practice...

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a microvascular disease affecting the eyes of diabetic patients, and is the most prevalent complication of diabetes mellitus. Vision improvement is not possible in the majority of DR patients. Several studies have indicated that microvascular changes, inflammation, oxidative stress, and retinal neurodegeneration are involved in the pathogenesis of DR. Therefore, there is an urgent need for the development of new and effective treatment for DR. Understanding the molecular mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of disease will pave a way for better treatment and management of DR...