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JOURNAL ARTICLE
Cecilia Hvitfeldt Fuglsang, Lars Pedersen, Morten Schmidt, Jan P Vandenbroucke, Hans Erik Bøtker, Henrik Toft Sørensen
BACKGROUND: Migraine carries risk of myocardial infarction (MI) and stroke. The risk of premature MI (i.e., among young adults) and stroke differs between men and women; previous studies indicate that migraine is mainly associated with an increased risk of stroke among young women. The aim of this study was to examine impact of migraine on the risk of premature (age ≤60 years) MI and ischemic/hemorrhagic stroke among men and women. METHODS AND FINDINGS: Using Danish medical registries, we conducted a nationwide population-based cohort study (1996 to 2018)...
June 2023: PLoS Medicine
#42
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Eun Ju Cho, Goh Eun Chung, Jeong-Ju Yoo, Yuri Cho, Dong Wook Shin, Yoon Jun Kim, Jung-Hwan Yoon, Kyungdo Han, Su Jong Yu
BACKGROUND: Alcohol and diabetes are known risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC); however, it is unclear whether the association between alcohol consumption and HCC risk differs by fasting serum glucose level and diabetes. We investigated the dose-response relationship between alcohol consumption and the risk of HCC according to glycemic status. METHODS AND FINDINGS: This population-based observational cohort study included patients who underwent general health checkups in 2009 using the Korean National Health Insurance Service Database...
June 2023: PLoS Medicine
#43
RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL
Nancy Dorvil, Vanessa R Rivera, Cynthia Riviere, Richard Berman, Patrice Severe, Heejung Bang, Kerlyne Lavoile, Jessy G Devieux, Mikerlyne Faustin, Giovanni Saintyl, Maria Duran Mendicuti, Samuel Pierre, Alexandra Apollon, Emelyne Dumond, Guyrlaine Pierre Louis Forestal, Vanessa Rouzier, Adias Marcelin, Margaret L McNairy, Kathleen F Walsh, Kathryn Dupnik, Lindsey K Reif, Anthony L Byrne, Stephanie Bousleiman, Eli Orvis, Patrice Joseph, Pierre-Yves Cremieux, Jean William Pape, Serena P Koenig
BACKGROUND: Same-day HIV testing and antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation is being widely implemented. However, the optimal timing of ART among patients with tuberculosis (TB) symptoms is unknown. We hypothesized that same-day treatment (TB treatment for those diagnosed with TB; ART for those not diagnosed with TB) would be superior to standard care in this population. METHODS AND FINDINGS: We conducted an open-label trial among adults with TB symptoms at initial HIV diagnosis at GHESKIO in Haiti; participants were recruited and randomized on the same day...
June 2023: PLoS Medicine
#44
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Neal J Russell, Wolfgang Stöhr, Nishad Plakkal, Aislinn Cook, James A Berkley, Bethou Adhisivam, Ramesh Agarwal, Nawshad Uddin Ahmed, Manica Balasegaram, Daynia Ballot, Adrie Bekker, Eitan Naaman Berezin, Davide Bilardi, Suppawat Boonkasidecha, Cristina G Carvalheiro, Neema Chami, Suman Chaurasia, Sara Chiurchiu, Viviane Rinaldi Favarin Colas, Simon Cousens, Tim R Cressey, Ana Carolina Dantas de Assis, Tran Minh Dien, Yijun Ding, Nguyen Trong Dung, Han Dong, Angela Dramowski, Madhusudhan Ds, Ajay Dudeja, Jinxing Feng, Youri Glupczynski, Srishti Goel, Herman Goossens, Doan Thi Huong Hao, Mahmudul Islam Khan, Tatiana Munera Huertas, Mohammad Shahidul Islam, Daniel Jarovsky, Nathalie Khavessian, Meera Khorana, Angeliki Kontou, Tomislav Kostyanev, Premsak Laoyookhon, Sorasak Lochindarat, Mattias Larsson, Maia De Luca, Surbhi Malhotra-Kumar, Nivedita Mondal, Nitu Mundhra, Philippa Musoke, Marisa M Mussi-Pinhata, Ruchi Nanavati, Firdose Nakwa, Sushma Nangia, Jolly Nankunda, Alessandra Nardone, Borna Nyaoke, Christina W Obiero, Maxensia Owor, Wang Ping, Kanchana Preedisripipat, Shamim Qazi, Lifeng Qi, Tanusha Ramdin, Amy Riddell, Lorenza Romani, Praewpan Roysuwan, Robin Saggers, Emmanuel Roilides, Samir K Saha, Kosmas Sarafidis, Valerie Tusubira, Reenu Thomas, Sithembiso Velaphi, Tuba Vilken, Xiaojiao Wang, Yajuan Wang, Yonghong Yang, Liu Zunjie, Sally Ellis, Julia A Bielicki, A Sarah Walker, Paul T Heath, Mike Sharland
BACKGROUND: There is limited data on antibiotic treatment in hospitalized neonates in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). We aimed to describe patterns of antibiotic use, pathogens, and clinical outcomes, and to develop a severity score predicting mortality in neonatal sepsis to inform future clinical trial design. METHODS AND FINDINGS: Hospitalized infants <60 days with clinical sepsis were enrolled during 2018 to 2020 by 19 sites in 11 countries (mainly Asia and Africa)...
June 2023: PLoS Medicine
#45
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Julia Stowe, Elizabeth Miller, Nick Andrews, Heather J Whitaker
BACKGROUND: An increased risk of myocarditis or pericarditis after priming with mRNA Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines has been shown but information on the risk post-booster is limited. With the now high prevalence of prior Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, we assessed the effect of prior infection on the vaccine risk and the risk from COVID-19 reinfection. METHODS AND FINDINGS: We conducted a self-controlled case series analysis of hospital admissions for myocarditis or pericarditis in England between 22 February 2021 and 6 February 2022 in the 50 million individuals eligible to receive the adenovirus-vectored vaccine (ChAdOx1-S) for priming or an mRNA vaccine (BNT162b2 or mRNA-1273) for priming or boosting...
June 2023: PLoS Medicine
#46
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Peter Hanlon, Elaine W Butterly, Anoop Sv Shah, Laurie J Hannigan, Jim Lewsey, Frances S Mair, David M Kent, Bruce Guthrie, Sarah H Wild, Nicky J Welton, Sofia Dias, David A McAllister
BACKGROUND: People with comorbidities are underrepresented in clinical trials. Empirical estimates of treatment effect modification by comorbidity are lacking, leading to uncertainty in treatment recommendations. We aimed to produce estimates of treatment effect modification by comorbidity using individual participant data (IPD). METHODS AND FINDINGS: We obtained IPD for 120 industry-sponsored phase 3/4 trials across 22 index conditions (n = 128,331). Trials had to be registered between 1990 and 2017 and have recruited ≥300 people...
June 2023: PLoS Medicine
#47
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Antoine Ardillon, Lison Ramblière, Elsa Kermorvant-Duchemin, Touch Sok, Andrianirina Zafitsara Zo, Jean-Baptiste Diouf, Pring Long, Siyin Lach, Fatoumata Diene Sarr, Laurence Borand, Felix Cheysson, Jean-Marc Collard, Perlinot Herindrainy, Agathe de Lauzanne, Muriel Vray, Elisabeth Delarocque-Astagneau, Didier Guillemot, Bich-Tram Huynh
BACKGROUND: Antibiotic resistance is a global public health issue, particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), where antibiotics required to treat resistant infections are not affordable. LMICs also bear a disproportionately high burden of bacterial diseases, particularly among children, and resistance jeopardizes progress made in these areas. Although outpatient antibiotic use is a major driver of antibiotic resistance, data on inappropriate antibiotic prescribing in LMICs are scarce at the community level, where the majority of prescribing occurs...
June 2023: PLoS Medicine
#48
JOURNAL ARTICLE
David R M Smith, George Shirreff, Laura Temime, Lulla Opatowski
BACKGROUND: Circulation of multidrug-resistant bacteria (MRB) in healthcare facilities is a major public health problem. These settings have been greatly impacted by the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, notably due to surges in COVID-19 caseloads and the implementation of infection control measures. We sought to evaluate how such collateral impacts of COVID-19 impacted the nosocomial spread of MRB in an early pandemic context. METHODS AND FINDINGS: We developed a mathematical model in which Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and MRB cocirculate among patients and staff in a theoretical hospital population...
June 2023: PLoS Medicine
#49
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Neil A Martinson, Bareng A S Nonyane, Leisha P Genade, Rebecca H Berhanu, Pren Naidoo, Zameer Brey, Anthony Kinghorn, Sipho Nyathi, Katherine Young, Harry Hausler, Lucy Connell, Keeren Lutchminarain, Khine Swe Swe-Han, Helena Vreede, Mohamed Said, Nina von Knorring, Lawrence H Moulton, Limakatso Lebina
BACKGROUND: The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends systematic symptom screening for tuberculosis (TB). However, TB prevalence surveys suggest that this strategy does not identify millions of TB patients, globally. Undiagnosed or delayed diagnosis of TB contribute to TB transmission and exacerbate morbidity and mortality. We conducted a cluster-randomized trial of large urban and rural primary healthcare clinics in 3 provinces of South Africa to evaluate whether a novel intervention of targeted universal testing for TB (TUTT) in high-risk groups diagnosed more patients with TB per month compared to current standard of care (SoC) symptom-directed TB testing...
May 22, 2023: PLoS Medicine
#50
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Chirag K Kumar, Kirsty Sands, Timothy R Walsh, Seamus O'Brien, Mike Sharland, Joseph A Lewnard, Hao Hu, Padmini Srikantiah, Ramanan Laxminarayan
BACKGROUND: Despite significant global progress in reducing neonatal mortality, bacterial sepsis remains a major cause of neonatal deaths. Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae) is the leading pathogen globally underlying cases of neonatal sepsis and is frequently resistant to antibiotic treatment regimens recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO), including first-line therapy with ampicillin and gentamicin, second-line therapy with amikacin and ceftazidime, and meropenem. Maternal vaccination to prevent neonatal infection could reduce the burden of K...
May 22, 2023: PLoS Medicine
#51
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Davit Baliashvili, Henry M Blumberg, Neel R Gandhi, Francisco Averhoff, David Benkeser, Shaun Shadaker, Lia Gvinjilia, Aleksandre Turdziladze, Nestani Tukvadze, Mamuka Chincharauli, Maia Butsashvili, Lali Sharvadze, Tengiz Tsertsvadze, Jaba Zarkua, Russell R Kempker
BACKGROUND: The Eastern European country of Georgia initiated a nationwide hepatitis C virus (HCV) elimination program in 2015 to address a high burden of infection. Screening for HCV infection through antibody testing was integrated into multiple existing programs, including the National Tuberculosis Program (NTP). We sought to compare the hepatitis C care cascade among patients with and without tuberculosis (TB) diagnosis in Georgia between 2015 and 2019 and to identify factors associated with loss to follow-up (LTFU) in hepatitis C care among patients with TB...
May 4, 2023: PLoS Medicine
#52
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Joseph Mbabazi, Hannah Pesu, Rolland Mutumba, Suzanne Filteau, Jack I Lewis, Jonathan C Wells, Mette F Olsen, André Briend, Kim F Michaelsen, Christian Mølgaard, Christian Ritz, Nicolette Nabukeera-Barungi, Ezekiel Mupere, Henrik Friis, Benedikte Grenov
BACKGROUND: Despite possible benefits for growth, milk is costly to include in foods for undernourished children. Furthermore, the relative effects of different milk components, milk protein (MP), and whey permeate (WP) are unclear. We aimed to assess the effects of MP and WP in lipid-based nutrient supplement (LNS), and of LNS itself, on linear growth and body composition among stunted children. METHODS AND FINDINGS: We performed a randomized, double-blind, 2 × 2 factorial trial among 12 to 59 months old stunted children in Uganda...
May 2023: PLoS Medicine
#53
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Nicolas Banholzer, Kathrin Zürcher, Philipp Jent, Pascal Bittel, Lavinia Furrer, Matthias Egger, Tina Hascher, Lukas Fenner
BACKGROUND: Growing evidence suggests an important contribution of airborne transmission to the overall spread of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), in particular via smaller particles called aerosols. However, the contribution of school children to SARS-CoV-2 transmission remains uncertain. The aim of this study was to assess transmission of airborne respiratory infections and the association with infection control measures in schools using a multiple-measurement approach...
May 2023: PLoS Medicine
#54
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Laurentya Olga, Ulla Sovio, Hilary Wong, Gordon Smith, Catherine Aiken
BACKGROUND: Fetal growth restriction (FGR) is associated with a suboptimal intrauterine environment, which may adversely impact fetal neurodevelopment. However, analysing neurodevelopmental outcomes by observed birthweight fails to differentiate between true FGR and constitutionally small infants and cannot account for iatrogenic intervention. This study aimed to determine the relationship between antenatal FGR and mid-childhood (age 5 to 7 years) educational outcomes. METHODS AND FINDINGS: The Pregnancy Outcome Prediction Study (2008-2012) was a prospective birth cohort conducted in a single maternity hospital in Cambridge, United Kingdom...
April 24, 2023: PLoS Medicine
#55
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Kin Wah Fung, Fitsum Baye, Seo H Baik, Zhaonian Zheng, Clement J McDonald
BACKGROUND: Incidence of long COVID in the elderly is difficult to estimate and can be underreported. While long COVID is sometimes considered a novel disease, many viral or bacterial infections have been known to cause prolonged illnesses. We postulate that some influenza patients might develop residual symptoms that would satisfy the diagnostic criteria for long COVID, a condition we call "long Flu." In this study, we estimate the incidence of long COVID and long Flu among Medicare patients using the World Health Organization (WHO) consensus definition...
April 17, 2023: PLoS Medicine
#56
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Peter C Rockers, Jukka M Leppänen, Amanda Tarullo, Lezanie Coetzee, Günther Fink, Davidson H Hamer, Aisha K Yousafzai, Denise Evans
BACKGROUND: Effective integration of home visit interventions focused on early childhood development into existing service platforms is important for expanding access in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). We designed and evaluated a home visit intervention integrated into community health worker (CHW) operations in South Africa. METHODS AND FINDINGS: We conducted a cluster-randomized controlled trial in Limpopo Province, South Africa. CHWs operating in ward-based outreach teams (WBOTs; clusters) and caregiver-child dyads they served were randomized to the intervention or control group...
April 14, 2023: PLoS Medicine
#57
RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL
Jakub G Sobiecki, Fumiaki Imamura, Courtney R Davis, Stephen J Sharp, Albert Koulman, Jonathan M Hodgson, Marcela Guevara, Matthias B Schulze, Ju-Sheng Zheng, Claudia Agnoli, Catalina Bonet, Sandra M Colorado-Yohar, Guy Fagherazzi, Paul W Franks, Thomas E Gundersen, Franziska Jannasch, Rudolf Kaaks, Verena Katzke, Esther Molina-Montes, Peter M Nilsson, Domenico Palli, Salvatore Panico, Keren Papier, Olov Rolandsson, Carlotta Sacerdote, Anne Tjønneland, Tammy Y N Tong, Yvonne T van der Schouw, John Danesh, Adam S Butterworth, Elio Riboli, Karen J Murphy, Nicholas J Wareham, Nita G Forouhi
BACKGROUND: Self-reported adherence to the Mediterranean diet has been modestly inversely associated with incidence of type 2 diabetes (T2D) in cohort studies. There is uncertainty about the validity and magnitude of this association due to subjective reporting of diet. The association has not been evaluated using an objectively measured biomarker of the Mediterranean diet. METHODS AND FINDINGS: We derived a biomarker score based on 5 circulating carotenoids and 24 fatty acids that discriminated between the Mediterranean or habitual diet arms of a parallel design, 6-month partial-feeding randomised controlled trial (RCT) conducted between 2013 and 2014, the MedLey trial (128 participants out of 166 randomised)...
April 2023: PLoS Medicine
#58
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Jacques Wels, Bożena Wielgoszewska, Bettina Moltrecht, Charlotte Booth, Michael J Green, Olivia Kl Hamilton, Evangelia Demou, Giorgio Di Gessa, Charlotte Huggins, Jingmin Zhu, Gillian Santorelli, Richard J Silverwood, Daniel Kopasker, Richard J Shaw, Alun Hughes, Praveetha Patalay, Claire Steves, Nishi Chaturvedi, David J Porteous, Rebecca Rhead, Srinivasa Vittal Katikireddi, George B Ploubidis
BACKGROUND: Home working has increased since the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic's onset with concerns that it may have adverse health implications. We assessed the association between home working and social and mental wellbeing among the employed population aged 16 to 66 through harmonised analyses of 7 UK longitudinal studies. METHODS AND FINDINGS: We estimated associations between home working and measures of psychological distress, low life satisfaction, poor self-rated health, low social contact, and loneliness across 3 different stages of the pandemic (T1 = April to June 2020 -first lockdown, T2 = July to October 2020 -eased restrictions, T3 = November 2020 to March 2021 -second lockdown) using modified Poisson regression and meta-analyses to pool results across studies...
April 2023: PLoS Medicine
#59
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Erik Lenguerrand, Yoav Ben-Shlomo, Amar Rangan, Andrew Beswick, Michael R Whitehouse, Kevin Deere, Adrian Sayers, Ashley W Blom, Andrew Judge
BACKGROUND: While the United Kingdom National Health Service aimed to reduce social inequalities in the provision of joint replacement, it is unclear whether these gaps have reduced. We describe secular trends in the provision of primary hip and knee replacement surgery between social deprivation groups. METHODS AND FINDINGS: We used the National Joint Registry to identify all hip and knee replacements performed for osteoarthritis from 2007 to 2017 in England. The Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD) 2015 was used to identify the relative level of deprivation of the patient living area...
April 2023: PLoS Medicine
#60
Aita Signorell, Phyllis Awor, Jean Okitawutshu, Antoinette Tshefu, Elizabeth Omoluabi, Manuel W Hetzel, Proscovia Athieno, Joseph Kimera, Gloria Tumukunde, Irene Angiro, Jean-Claude Kalenga, Babatunde K Akano, Kazeem Ayodeji, Charles Okon, Ocheche Yusuf, Giulia Delvento, Tristan T Lee, Nina C Brunner, Mark J Lambiris, James Okuma, Nadja Cereghetti, Valentina Buj, Theodoor Visser, Harriet G Napier, Christian Lengeler, Christian Burri
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1004189.].
April 2023: PLoS Medicine
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