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REVIEW
Mamneet Manghera, Renée N Douville
Humans are symbiotic organisms; our genome is populated with a substantial number of endogenous retroviruses (ERVs), some remarkably intact, while others are remnants of their former selves. Current research indicates that not all ERVs remain silent passengers within our genomes; re-activation of ERVs is often associated with inflammatory diseases. ERVK is the most recently endogenized and transcriptionally active ERV in humans, and as such may potentially contribute to the pathology of inflammatory disease...
2013: Retrovirology
#42
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Wenbo Wang, Jianhui Nie, Courtney Prochnow, Carolyn Truong, Zheng Jia, Suting Wang, Xiaojiang S Chen, Youchun Wang
BACKGROUND: Glycans on the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) envelope glycoprotein (Env) play an important role in viral infection and evasion of neutralization by antibodies. In this study, all 25 potential N-linked glycosylation sites (PNGS) on the HIV-1 CRF07_BC Env, FE, were mutated individually to study the effect of their removal on viral infectivity, virion production, and antibody-mediated neutralization. RESULTS: Removal of specific N-glycosylation sites has a significant effect on viral infectivity and antibody-mediated neutralization phenotype...
2013: Retrovirology
#43
REVIEW
Daniel A Donahue, Mark A Wainberg
Latently infected cells represent the major barrier to either a sterilizing or a functional HIV-1 cure. Multiple approaches to reactivation and depletion of the latent reservoir have been attempted clinically, but full depletion of this compartment remains a long-term goal. Compared to the mechanisms involved in the maintenance of HIV-1 latency and the pathways leading to viral reactivation, less is known about the establishment of latent infection. This review focuses on how HIV-1 latency is established at the cellular and molecular levels...
2013: Retrovirology
#44
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Ana B Abecasis, Annemarie M J Wensing, Dimitris Paraskevis, Jurgen Vercauteren, Kristof Theys, David A M C Van de Vijver, Jan Albert, Birgitta Asjö, Claudia Balotta, Danail Beshkov, Ricardo J Camacho, Bonaventura Clotet, Cillian De Gascun, Algis Griskevicius, Zehava Grossman, Osamah Hamouda, Andrzej Horban, Tatjana Kolupajeva, Klaus Korn, Leon G Kostrikis, Claudia Kücherer, Kirsi Liitsola, Marek Linka, Claus Nielsen, Dan Otelea, Roger Paredes, Mario Poljak, Elisabeth Puchhammer-Stöckl, Jean-Claude Schmit, Anders Sönnerborg, Danika Stanekova, Maja Stanojevic, Daniel Struck, Charles A B Boucher, Anne-Mieke Vandamme
BACKGROUND: Understanding HIV-1 subtype distribution and epidemiology can assist preventive measures and clinical decisions. Sequence variation may affect antiviral drug resistance development, disease progression, evolutionary rates and transmission routes. RESULTS: We investigated the subtype distribution of HIV-1 in Europe and Israel in a representative sample of patients diagnosed between 2002 and 2005 and related it to the demographic data available. 2793 PRO-RT sequences were subtyped either with the REGA Subtyping tool or by a manual procedure that included phylogenetic tree and recombination analysis...
2013: Retrovirology
#45
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Philip Mwimanzi, Tristan J Markle, Eric Martin, Yoko Ogata, Xiaomei T Kuang, Michiyo Tokunaga, Macdonald Mahiti, Florencia Pereyra, Toshiyuki Miura, Bruce D Walker, Zabrina L Brumme, Mark A Brockman, Takamasa Ueno
BACKGROUND: Impaired HIV-1 Gag, Pol, and Env function has been described in elite controllers (EC) who spontaneously suppress plasma viremia to < 50 RNA copies/mL; however, activity of the accessory protein Nef remains incompletely characterized. We examined the ability of 91 Nef clones, isolated from plasma of 45 EC and 46 chronic progressors (CP), to down-regulate HLA class I and CD4, up-regulate HLA class II invariant chain (CD74), enhance viral infectivity, and stimulate viral replication in PBMC...
2013: Retrovirology
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