journal
https://read.qxmd.com/read/36927552/hiv-1-infection-of-renal-epithelial-cells-30%C3%A2-years-of-evidence-from-transgenic-animal-models-human-studies-and-in-vitro-experiments
#21
REVIEW
Maria Blasi, Mary Klotman
Although antiretroviral therapy (ART) has increased life expectancy in people with HIV-1 (PWH), acute and chronic kidney disease remain common in this population and are associated with poor outcomes. A broad spectrum of kidney disorders can be observed in PWH, some of which are directly related to intrarenal HIV infection and gene expression. HIV-associated nephropathy (HIVAN) was the most common kidney disease in PWH before ART became available. Animal models and human biopsy studies established the causal relationships between direct HIV-1 infection of renal epithelial cells and HIVAN, expression of viral genes in renal epithelial cells, and dysregulation of host genes involved in cell differentiation and cell cycle...
March 16, 2023: Retrovirology
https://read.qxmd.com/read/36639783/hiv-infection-of-non-classical-cells-in-the-brain
#22
REVIEW
Angela Wahl, Lena Al-Harthi
HIV-associated neurological disorders (HAND) affect up to 50% of people living with HIV (PLWH), even in the era of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). HIV-DNA can be detected in the cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) of approximately half of aviremic ART-suppressed PLWH and its presence is associated with poorer neurocognitive performance. HIV DNA + and HIV RNA + cells have also been observed in postmortem brain tissue of individuals with sustained cART suppression. In this review, we provide an overview of how HIV invades the brain and HIV infection of resident brain glial cells (astrocytes and microglia)...
January 13, 2023: Retrovirology
https://read.qxmd.com/read/36539757/an-endogenous-lentivirus-in-the-germline-of-a-rodent
#23
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Roziah Kambol, Anna Gatseva, Robert J Gifford
Lentiviruses (genus Lentivirus) are complex retroviruses that infect a broad range of mammals, including humans. Unlike many other retrovirus genera, lentiviruses have only rarely been incorporated into the mammalian germline. However, a small number of endogenous retrovirus (ERV) lineages have been identified, and these rare genomic "fossils" can provide crucial insights into the long-term history of lentivirus evolution. Here, we describe a previously unreported endogenous lentivirus lineage in the genome of the South African springhare (Pedetes capensis), demonstrating that the host range of lentiviruses has historically extended to rodents (order Rodentia)...
December 20, 2022: Retrovirology
https://read.qxmd.com/read/36527061/a-detailed-analysis-of-f-mulv-and-sffv-infected-cells-in-friend-virus-infected-mice-reveals-the-contribution-of-both-f-mulv-and-sffv-infected-cells-to-the-interleukin-10-host-response
#24
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Philip Podschwadt, Anna Malyshkina, Sonja Windmann, Tanja Werner, Wiebke Hansen, Wibke Bayer
BACKGROUND: Friend virus (FV) is a complex of the Friend murine leukemia virus (F-MuLV) and the replication-defective, pathogenic spleen focus forming virus (SFFV). In the past, we used a fluorescently labeled F-MuLV to analyze FV target cells. To build on these findings, we have now created a double-labeled FV that contains a Katushka-labeled F-MuLV and an mTagBFP-labeled SFFV, which we have used to study the infection by the two individual viruses in the FV infection of highly susceptible BALB/c mice...
December 16, 2022: Retrovirology
https://read.qxmd.com/read/36514107/a-large-population-sample-of-african-hiv-genomes-from-the-1980s-reveals-a-reduction-in-subtype-d-over-time-associated-with-propensity-for-cxcr4-tropism
#25
REVIEW
Heather E Grant, Sunando Roy, Rachel Williams, Helena Tutill, Bridget Ferns, Patricia A Cane, J Wilson Carswell, Deogratius Ssemwanga, Pontiano Kaleebu, Judith Breuer, Andrew J Leigh Brown
We present 109 near full-length HIV genomes amplified from blood serum samples obtained during early 1986 from across Uganda, which to our knowledge is the earliest and largest population sample from the initial phase of the HIV epidemic in Africa. Consensus sequences were made from paired-end Illumina reads with a target-capture approach to amplify HIV material following poor success with standard approaches. In comparisons with a smaller 'intermediate' genome dataset from 1998 to 1999 and a 'modern' genome dataset from 2007 to 2016, the proportion of subtype D was significantly higher initially, dropping from 67% (73/109), to 57% (26/46) to 17% (82/465) respectively (p < 0...
December 13, 2022: Retrovirology
https://read.qxmd.com/read/36476484/pericyte-infection-by-hiv-1-a-fatal-attraction
#26
REVIEW
Oandy Naranjo, Silvia Torices, Paul R Clifford, Manav T Daftari, Olivia M Osborne, Nikolai Fattakhov, Michal Toborek
While HIV-1 is primarily an infection of CD4 + T cells, there is an emerging interest towards understanding how infection of other cell types can contribute to HIV-associated comorbidities. For HIV-1 to cross from the blood stream into tissues, the virus must come in direct contact with the vascular endothelium, including pericytes that envelope vascular endothelial cells. Pericytes are multifunctional cells that have been recognized for their essential role in angiogenesis, vessel maintenance, and blood flow rate...
December 7, 2022: Retrovirology
https://read.qxmd.com/read/36451209/modulation-of-human-endogenous-retroviruses-and-cytokines-expression-in-peripheral-blood-mononuclear-cells-from-autistic-children-and-their-parents
#27
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Chiara Cipriani, Martina Giudice, Vita Petrone, Marialaura Fanelli, Antonella Minutolo, Martino T Miele, Nicola Toschi, Christian Maracchioni, Martina Siracusano, Arianna Benvenuto, Antonella Coniglio, Paolo Curatolo, Luigi Mazzone, Grelli Sandro, Enrico Garaci, Paola Sinibaldi-Vallebona, Claudia Matteucci, Emanuela Balestrieri
BACKGROUND: Putative pathogenic effects mediated by human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) in neurological and psychiatric disorders in humans have been extensively described. HERVs may alter the development of the brain by means of several mechanisms, including modulation of gene expression, alteration of DNA stability, and activation of immune system. We recently demonstrated that autistic children and their mothers share high expression levels of some HERVs and cytokines in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) ex vivo, suggesting a close mother-child association in Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)...
November 30, 2022: Retrovirology
https://read.qxmd.com/read/36403071/the-envelope-proteins-from-sars-cov-2-and-sars-cov-potently-reduce-the-infectivity-of-human-immunodeficiency-virus-type-1-hiv-1
#28
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Wyatt Henke, Hope Waisner, Sachith Polpitiya Arachchige, Maria Kalamvoki, Edward Stephens
BACKGROUND: Viroporins are virally encoded ion channels involved in virus assembly and release. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and influenza A virus encode for viroporins. The human coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 encodes for at least two viroporins, a small 75 amino acid transmembrane protein known as the envelope (E) protein and a larger 275 amino acid protein known as Orf3a. Here, we compared the replication of HIV-1 in the presence of four different β-coronavirus E proteins. RESULTS: We observed that the SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV E proteins reduced the release of infectious HIV-1 yields by approximately 100-fold while MERS-CoV or HCoV-OC43 E proteins restricted HIV-1 infectivity to a lesser extent...
November 19, 2022: Retrovirology
https://read.qxmd.com/read/36329491/visualization-of-clonal-expansion-after-massive-depletion-of-cells-carrying-the-bovine-leukemia-virus-blv-integration-sites-during-the-course-of-disease-progression-in-a-blv-naturally-infected-cow-a-case-report
#29
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Susumu Saito, Kazuyoshi Hosomichi, Meripet Polat Yamanaka, Tetsuya Mizutani, Shin-Nosuke Takeshima, Yoko Aida
Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) infects cattle, integrates into host DNA as a provirus, and induces malignant B-cell lymphoma. Previous studies have addressed the impact of proviral integration of BLV on BLV-induced leukemogenesis. However, no studies have monitored sequential changes in integration sites in which naturally infected BLV individuals progress from the premalignant stage to the terminal disease. Here, we collected blood samples from a single, naturally infected Holstein cow at three disease progression stages (Stage I: polyclonal stage, Stage II: polyclonal toward oligoclonal stage, Stage III: oligoclonal stage) and successfully visualized the kinetics of clonal expansion of cells carrying BLV integration sites using our BLV proviral DNA-capture sequencing method...
November 3, 2022: Retrovirology
https://read.qxmd.com/read/36309692/hush-mediated-hiv-silencing-is-independent-of-tasor-phosphorylation-on-threonine-819
#30
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Virginie Vauthier, Angélique Lasserre, Marina Morel, Margaux Versapuech, Clarisse Berlioz-Torrent, Alessia Zamborlini, Florence Margottin-Goguet, Roy Matkovic
BACKGROUND: TASOR, a component of the HUSH repressor epigenetic complex, and SAMHD1, a cellular triphosphohydrolase (dNTPase), are both anti-HIV proteins antagonized by HIV-2/SIVsmm Viral protein X. As a result, the same viral protein is able to relieve two different blocks along the viral life cell cycle, one at the level of reverse transcription, by degrading SAMHD1, the other one at the level of proviral expression, by degrading TASOR. Phosphorylation of SAMHD1 at T592 has been shown to downregulate its antiviral activity...
October 29, 2022: Retrovirology
https://read.qxmd.com/read/36273165/a-clinical-review-of-hiv-integrase-strand-transfer-inhibitors-instis-for-the-prevention-and-treatment-of-hiv-1-infection
#31
REVIEW
Alexa Vyain Zhao, Rustin D Crutchley, Rakesh Chowdary Guduru, Kathy Ton, Tammie Lam, Amy Cheng Min
Integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs) have improved the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). There are currently four approved for use in treatment-naïve individuals living with HIV; these include first generation raltegravir, elvitegravir, and second generation dolutegravir and bictegravir. The most recent INSTI, cabotegravir, is approved for (1) treatment of HIV infection in adults to replace current antiretroviral therapy in individuals who maintain virologic suppression on a stable antiretroviral regimen without history of treatment failure and no known resistance to its components and (2) pre-exposure prophylaxis in individuals at risk of acquiring HIV-1 infection...
October 22, 2022: Retrovirology
https://read.qxmd.com/read/36114511/replication-competent-hiv-1-in-human-alveolar-macrophages-and-monocytes-despite-nucleotide-pools-with-elevated-dutp
#32
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Junru Cui, Mesfin Meshesha, Natela Churgulia, Christian Merlo, Edward Fuchs, Jennifer Breakey, Joyce Jones, James T Stivers
BACKGROUND: Although CD4+ memory T cells are considered the primary latent reservoir for HIV-1, replication competent HIV has been detected in tissue macrophages in both animal and human studies. During in vitro HIV infection, the depleted nucleotide pool and high dUTP levels in monocyte derived macrophages (MDM) leads to proviruses with high levels of dUMP, which has been implicated in viral restriction or reduced transcription depending on the uracil base excision repair (UBER) competence of the macrophage...
September 16, 2022: Retrovirology
https://read.qxmd.com/read/36068604/the-kt-jeang-retrovirology-prize-2022-florence-margottin-goguet
#33
EDITORIAL
(no author information available yet)
No abstract text is available yet for this article.
September 6, 2022: Retrovirology
https://read.qxmd.com/read/36002842/the-key-amino-acid-sites-199-205-269-319-321-and-324-of-alv-k-env-contribute-to-the-weaker-replication-capacity-of-alv-k-than-alv-a
#34
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Jian Chen, Jinqun Li, Xinyi Dong, Ming Liao, Weisheng Cao
BACKGROUND: Avian leukosis virus (ALV) is an infectious retrovirus, that mainly causes various forms of tumours, immunosuppression, a decreased egg production rate and slow weight gain in poultry. ALV consists of 11 subgroups, A-K, among which ALV-K is an emerging subgroup that has become prevalent in the past 10 years. Most ALV-K isolates showed weak replication ability and pathogenicity. In this study, the weak replication ability of ALV-K was explored from the perspective of the interaction between ALV-K gp85 and the Tva receptor...
August 24, 2022: Retrovirology
https://read.qxmd.com/read/35986377/opposing-roles-of-clk-sr-kinases-in-controlling-hiv-1-gene-expression-and-latency
#35
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Subha Dahal, Kiera Clayton, Terek Been, Raphaële Fernet-Brochu, Alonso Villasmil Ocando, Ahalya Balachandran, Mikaël Poirier, Rebecca Kaddis Maldonado, Lulzim Shkreta, Kayluz Frias Boligan, Furkan Guvenc, Fariha Rahman, Donald Branch, Brendan Bell, Benoit Chabot, Scott D Gray-Owen, Leslie J Parent, Alan Cochrane
BACKGROUND: The generation of over 69 spliced HIV-1 mRNAs from one primary transcript by alternative RNA splicing emphasizes the central role that RNA processing plays in HIV-1 replication. Control is mediated in part through the action of host SR proteins whose activity is regulated by multiple SR kinases (CLK1-4, SRPKs). METHODS: Both shRNA depletion and small molecule inhibitors of host SR kinases were used in T cell lines and primary cells to evaluate the role of these factors in the regulation of HIV-1 gene expression...
August 19, 2022: Retrovirology
https://read.qxmd.com/read/35948929/crispr-cas9-genome-editing-to-create-nonhuman-primate-models-for-studying-stem-cell-therapies-for-hiv-infection
#36
REVIEW
Jenna Kropp Schmidt, Matthew R Reynolds, Thaddeus G Golos, Igor I Slukvin
Nonhuman primates (NHPs) are well-established basic and translational research models for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections and pathophysiology, hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) transplantation, and assisted reproductive technologies. Recent advances in CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing technologies present opportunities to refine NHP HIV models for investigating genetic factors that affect HIV replication and designing cellular therapies that exploit genetic barriers to HIV infections, including engineering mutations into CCR5 and conferring resistance to HIV/simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infections...
August 10, 2022: Retrovirology
https://read.qxmd.com/read/35810297/two-lymphoid-cell-lines-potently-silence-unintegrated-hiv-1-dnas
#37
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Franziska K Geis, Demetra P Kelenis, Stephen P Goff
Mammalian cells mount a variety of defense mechanisms against invading viruses to prevent or reduce infection. One such defense is the transcriptional silencing of incoming viral DNA, including the silencing of unintegrated retroviral DNA in most cells. Here, we report that the lymphoid cell lines K562 and Jurkat cells reveal a dramatically higher efficiency of silencing of viral expression from unintegrated HIV-1 DNAs as compared to HeLa cells. We found K562 cells in particular to exhibit an extreme silencing phenotype...
July 9, 2022: Retrovirology
https://read.qxmd.com/read/35804422/innate-immune-regulation-in-hiv-latency-models
#38
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Rebecca M Olson, Germán Gornalusse, Leanne S Whitmore, Dan Newhouse, Jennifer Tisoncik-Go, Elise Smith, Christina Ochsenbauer, Florian Hladik, Michael Gale
BACKGROUND: Innate immunity and type 1 interferon (IFN) defenses are critical for early control of HIV infection within CD4 + T cells. Despite these defenses, some acutely infected cells silence viral transcription to become latently infected and form the HIV reservoir in vivo. Latently infected cells persist through antiretroviral therapy (ART) and are a major barrier to HIV cure. Here, we evaluated innate immunity and IFN responses in multiple T cell models of HIV latency, including established latent cell lines, Jurkat cells latently infected with a reporter virus, and a primary CD4 + T cell model of virologic suppression...
July 8, 2022: Retrovirology
https://read.qxmd.com/read/35787723/interview-with-a-retrovirologist-wibke-bayer-in-conversation-with-hung-fan
#39
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Hung Fan, Wibke Bayer
No abstract text is available yet for this article.
July 4, 2022: Retrovirology
https://read.qxmd.com/read/35764966/defective-hiv-1-genomes-and-their-potential-impact-on-hiv-pathogenesis
#40
REVIEW
Jeffrey Kuniholm, Carolyn Coote, Andrew J Henderson
Defective HIV-1 proviruses represent a population of viral genomes that are selected for by immune pressures, and clonally expanded to dominate the persistent HIV-1 proviral genome landscape. There are examples of RNA and protein expression from these compromised genomes which are generated by a variety of mechanisms. Despite the evidence that these proviruses are transcribed and translated, their role in HIV pathogenesis has not been fully explored. The potential for these genomes to participate in immune stimulation is particularly relevant considering the accumulation of cells harboring these defective proviruses over the course of antiretroviral therapy in people living with HIV...
June 28, 2022: Retrovirology
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