Gene Expression Patterns : GEP

Recombination activating genes (RAGs) mediates the process of rearrangement and somatic recombination (V(D)J) to generate different antibody repertoire. Studies on the expression pattern of adaptive immune genes during ontogenic development are crucial for the formulation of fish immunization strategy. In the present study, Nile tilapia was taken to explore the relative expression profile of RAG genes during their developmental stages. The developmental stages of Nile tilapia, i.e., unfertilized egg, 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28 and 30 days post-hatch (dph) and kidney, blood, gill, liver and spleen tissues from adult fish were collected and the cDNA synthesis was carried out...

In most mammals the major site of sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) synthesis is the liver wherefrom it is secreted into the bloodstream and is the primary determinant of sex steroid access to target tissues. The minor site of SHBG synthesis is the testis and in lower mammals testicular SHBG has long been known to be synthesized and secreted by Sertoli cells. However, human testicular SHBG is expressed in developing germ cells from an upstream alternative promoter (altP-SHBG). Transcripts arising from this region comprise an alternative first exon (1A) with the resultant protein confined to the acrosomal compartment of the mature spermatozoa...

It can be observed from aminoglycoside-induced hair cell damage that the cochlea basal turn is more susceptible to trauma than the apex. Drug-induced hearing loss is closely related to oxidative damage. The basilar membrane directly exposed to these ototoxic drugs exhibits differences in damage, indicating that there is an inherent difference in the sensitivity to oxidative damage from the apex to the base of the cochlea. It has been reported that the morphology and characteristics of the cochlea vary from the apex to the base...

Except the addition of TBL1Y in human, transducing beta like 1 (TBL1) family mainly consists of two members TBL1X and TBL1XR1, taking part in multiple intracellular signaling pathways such as Wnt/β-catenin and NF-κB in cancer progression. However, the gene expression patterns of this family during embryonic development remain largely unknown. Here we took advantage of zebrafish model to characterize the spatial and temporal expression patterns of TBL1 family genes including tbl1x, tbl1xr1a and tbl1xr1b...

Exosome Complex Components 1 and 2 (EXOSC1 and 2) are two proteins in the RNA Exosome complex whose main function is 5' → 3' RNA degradation and processing. The RNA exosome complex is comprised of nine subunits that form two separate components: the S1/KH cap and the PH-core. EXOSC1 and 2 are both part of the S1/KH cap and are involved in binding nascent RNA. As part of a systemic characterization of early lethal alleles produced by the Knockout Mouse Project, we have examined Exosc1 and Exosc2 homozygous null (mutant) embryos to determine developmental and molecular phenotypes of embryos lacking their functions...

Peroxidase genes (Prdx) encode a family of antioxidant proteins, which can protect cells from oxidative damage by reducing various cellular peroxides. This study investigated the spatiotemporal expression patterns of gene members in this family during the early development of Xenopus tropicalis. Real-time quantitative PCR showed that all members of this gene family have a distinct temporal expression pattern during the early development of X. tropicalis embryos. Additionally, whole mount in situ hybridization revealed that individual prdx genes display differential expression patterns, with overlapping expression in lymphatic vessels, pronephros, proximal tubule, and branchial arches...

Tissue fusion is a critical process that is repeated in multiple contexts during embryonic development and shares common attributes to processes such as wound healing and metastasis. Ocular coloboma is a developmental eye disorder that presents as a physical gap in the ventral eye, and is a major cause of childhood blindness. Coloboma results from fusion failure between opposing ventral retinal epithelia, but there are major knowledge gaps in our understanding of this process at the molecular and cell behavioural levels...

Plasmalemma vesicle associated protein (PLVAP) is commonly considered to be specifically expressed in endothelial cells in which it localized to diaphragms of caveolae, fenestrae, and transendothelial channels. PLVAP is reported to be an important regulator of heart development and a novel target to promote cardiac repair in the ischemic heart. However, the dynamics of plvap expression in heart development, homeostasis and pathology have not been comprehensively described. In this study, we analyzed the temporal and spatial expression of plvap in mouse heart under different conditions...

Generating stable livestock pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) can be used for complex genome editing, cellular agriculture, gamete generation, regenerative medicine and in vitro breeding schemes. Over the past decade, significant progress has been made in characterizing pluripotency markers for livestock species. In this study, we investigated embryo development and gene expression of the core pluripotency triad (OCT4, NANOG, SOX2) and cell lineage commitment markers (REX1, CDX2, GATA4) in the presence of three small molecules and their combination [PD0325901 (FGF inhibitor), SB431542 (TGFβ inhibitor), and CHIR99021 (GSK3B inhibitor)] from day 2-7 post-insemination in goat...

No abstract text is available yet for this article.

Development of the mammalian telencephalon, which is the most complex region of the central nervous system, is precisely orchestrated by many signaling molecules. Wnt signaling derived from the cortical hem, a signaling center, is crucial for telencephalic development including cortical patterning and the induction of hippocampal development. Secreted protein R-spondin (Rspo) 1-4 and their receptors, leucine-rich repeat-containing G-protein-coupled receptor (Lgr) 4-6, act as activators of Wnt signaling. Although Rspo expression in the hem during the early stages of cortical development has been reported, comparative expression analysis of Rspos and Lgr4-6 has not been performed...

No abstract text is available yet for this article.

ASAP1 (Arf-GAP with SH3 domain, the ankyrin repeat and the PH domain) is the GTPase activating protein of the small G protein Arf. To understand more about the physiological functions of ASAP1 in vivo, we chose to use the zebrafish as an animal model, and analyzed the characterization of asap1 using loss-of-function studies. Here, two isoforms in zebrafish, asap1a and asap1b, were found to be homologous to human ASAP1, and the gene knockout zebrafish lines for asap1a and asap1b were established using the CRISPR/Cas9 technique with different insertions and deletions of bases...

Major intrinsic protein (MIP) functions as a water channel and a cell-junction molecule in the vertebrate eye lens. The pathogenic mechanism behind the loss of MIP function in the lens, which leads to degraded optical quality and cataract formation, is still unclear. In this study, a zebrafish model with the mipb mutant was produced. The expression of mipb mRNA and protein was dramatically reduced in the mutant. Immunological analysis reveals that loss function of mip leads to the diffuse distribution of ZL-1 in the mutant lens...

Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein L (hnRNPL) is a conserved RNA binding protein (RBP) that plays an important role in the alternative splicing of gene transcripts, and thus in the generation of specific protein isoforms. Global deficiency in hnRNPL in mice results in preimplantation embryonic lethality at embryonic day (E) 3.5. To begin to understand the contribution of hnRNPL-regulated pathways in the normal development of the embryo and placenta, we determined hnRNPL expression profile and subcellular localization throughout development...

Germline sex determination and differentiation are pivotal processes in reproduction. In Drosophila, sex determination of the germline occurs in primordial germ cells (PGCs), and the sex differentiation of these cells is initiated during embryogenesis. However, the molecular mechanism initiating sex differentiation remains elusive. To address this issue, we identified sex-biased genes using RNA-sequencing data of male and female PGCs. Our research revealed 497 genes that were differentially expressed more than twofold between sexes and expressed at high or moderate levels in either male or female PGCs...

Development of the vertebrate embryo requires strict coordination of a highly complex series of signaling cascades, that drive cell proliferation, differentiation, migration, and the general morphogenetic program. Members of the Map kinase signaling pathway are repeatedly required throughout development to activate the downstream effectors, ERK, p38, and JNK. Regulation of these pathways occurs at many levels in the signaling cascade, with the Map3Ks playing an essential role in target selection. The thousand and one amino acid kinases (Taoks) are Map3Ks that have been shown to activate both p38 and JNK and are linked to neurodevelopment in both invertebrate and vertebrate organisms...

OBJECTIVE: Angiogenesis is a key process of repairing tissue damage, and it is regulated by the delicate balance between anti-angiogenesis factors. In the present study, we investigate whether transcription factor cellular promoter 2 (TFCP2) is required for upstream binding protein 1 (UBP1)-mediated angiogenesis. METHODS: Levels of UBP1 and TFCP2 in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) are detected by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (q-PCR) and Western blotting (WB)...

Adult zebrafish regenerate their appendages (fins) after amputation including the regeneration of bone structures (fin rays). Fibroblast growth factor (Fgf) signaling, which is involved in morphogenetic processes during development, has been shown to be essential for the process of fin regeneration. Moreover, mutations in Fgf pathway component genes lead to abnormal skeletal growth in teleosts and mammals, including humans, illustrating the importance of Fgf signaling in the growth control of tissues. Here, we revisited Fgf signaling pathway component expression by RNA in situ hybridization to test for the expression of about half of the ligands and all receptors of the pathway in the regenerating zebrafish fin...

Most of the existing works on fine-grained image categorization and retrieval focus on finding similar images from the same species and often give little importance to inter-species similarities. However, these similarities may carry species correlations such as the same ancestors or similar habits, which are helpful in taxonomy and understanding biological traits. In this paper, we devise a new fine-grained retrieval task that searches for similar instances from different species based on body parts. To this end, we propose a two-step strategy...