journal
https://read.qxmd.com/read/33636005/biomechanical-responses-and-injury-assessment-of-post-mortem-human-subjects-in-various-rear-facing-seating-configurations
#21
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Yun-Seok Kang, Jason Stammen, Rakshit Ramachandra, Amanda M Agnew, Alena Hagedorn, Colton Thomas, Hyun Jung Kwon, Kevin Moorhouse, John H Bolte
The objective of this study was to generate biomechanical corridors from post-mortem human subjects (PMHS) in two different seatback recline angles in 56 km/h sled tests simulating a rear-facing occupant during a frontal vehicle impact. PMHS were placed in a production seat which included an integrated seat belt. To achieve a repeatable configuration, the seat was rigidized in the rearward direction using a reinforcing frame that allowed for adjustability in both seatback recline angle and head restraint position...
November 2020: Stapp Car Crash Journal
https://read.qxmd.com/read/33636004/kinematic-and-injury-response-of-reclined-pmhs-in-frontal-impacts
#22
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Rachel Richardson, John-Paul Donlon, Mohan Jayathirtha, Jason L Forman, Greg Shaw, Bronislaw Gepner, Jason R Kerrigan, Martin Östling, Krystoffer Mroz, Bengt Pipkorn
Frontal impacts with reclined occupants are rare but severe, and they are anticipated to become more common with the introduction of vehicles with automated driving capabilities. Computational and physical human surrogates are needed to design and evaluate injury countermeasures for reclined occupants, but the validity of such surrogates in a reclined posture is unknown. Experiments with post-mortem human subjects (PMHS) in a recline posture are needed both to define biofidelity targets for other surrogates and to describe the biomechanical response of reclined occupants in restrained frontal impacts...
November 2020: Stapp Car Crash Journal
https://read.qxmd.com/read/33636003/evaluation-of-rotation-reduction-features-in-infant-and-extended-use-convertible-child-restraint-systems-during-frontal-and-rear-impacts
#23
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Declan A Patton, Aditya N Belwadi, Jalaj Maheshwari, Kristy B Arbogast
A correctly used child restraint system (CRS) is associated with a substantial reduction of injury and mortality risks in motor vehicle crashes and epidemiologic data suggests that toddlers are provided greater protection when restrained in a rearward-facing CRS compared to a forward-facing CRS. Some 'extended-use' European CRS models can accommodate children up to six years rearward-facing and have a support (load) leg and/or a pair of lower (Swedish) tethers to reduce rotation during frontal and rear impacts, respectively...
November 2020: Stapp Car Crash Journal
https://read.qxmd.com/read/33636002/analysis-of-kinematic-response-of-pediatric-occupants-seated-in-naturalistic-positions-in-simulated-frontal-small-offset-impacts-with-and-without-automatic-emergency-braking
#24
JOURNAL ARTICLE
J Maheshwari, S Sarfare, C Falciani, A Belwadi
Naturalistic driving studies have shown that pediatric occupants do not assume ideal seating positions in real-world scenarios. Current vehicle assessment programs and child restraint system (CRS) sled tests, such as FMVSS No. 213, do not account for a wide range of seating postures that are typically observed during real-world trips. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the kinematic and kinetic response of a pediatric human body model in various naturalistic seating positions in booster seats when subjected to a frontal offset impact in a full-vehicle environment, with and without the application of pre-crash automatic emergency braking (AEB)...
November 2020: Stapp Car Crash Journal
https://read.qxmd.com/read/33636001/variations-in-user-implementation-of-the-cora-rating-metric
#25
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Devon L Albert
The CORA rating metric is frequently used in the field of injury biomechanics to compare the similarity of response time histories. However, subjectivity exists within the CORA metric in the form of user-customizable parameters that give the metric the flexibility to be used for a variety of applications. How these parameters are customized is not always reported in the literature, and it is unknown how these customizations affect the CORA scores. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate how variations in the CORA parameters affect the resulting similarity scores...
November 2020: Stapp Car Crash Journal
https://read.qxmd.com/read/32311064/pedestrian-detection-during-vehicle-backing-maneuvers-using-ultrasonic-parking-sensors
#26
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Yasuhiro Matsui, Naruyuki Hosokawa, Shoko Oikawa
Ultrasonic parking sensors are an active technology designed to alert drivers to the presence of objects behind their vehicle but not the presence of a human. The purpose of this study was therefore to ascertain if these sensor systems can successfully detect a human subject. We accordingly conducted experiments using four vehicles equipped with both rear-facing center and corner ultrasonic parking sensor systems to determine the detection distance between the vehicle and a 1-m tall, 75-mm diameter pipe, a child, an adult woman, and an adult man...
November 2019: Stapp Car Crash Journal
https://read.qxmd.com/read/32311063/a-sensor-suite-for-toeboard-three-dimensional-deformation-measurement-during-crash
#27
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Mengyu Song, Cong Chen, Tomonari Furukawa, Azusa Nakata, Shinsuke Shibata
This paper presents the development of a sensor suite that is used to measure the toeboard threedimensional (3D) dynamic deformation during a crash test, along with the methodology to use the sensor suite for toeboard measurement. The sensor suite consists of three high-speed cameras, which are firmly connected through a rigid metal frame. Two cameras, facing directly towards the toeboard, measure the shape of the toeboard through stereovision. The third camera, facing the ground, is equipped with a three-axis gyroscope and a three-axis accelerometer and localizes the sensor suite globally for removing the vibration of the sensor suite...
November 2019: Stapp Car Crash Journal
https://read.qxmd.com/read/32311062/a-novel-approach-to-scaling-age-sex-and-body-size-dependent-thoracic-responses-using-structural-properties-of-human-ribs
#28
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Yun-Seok Kang, John H Bolte, Jason Stammen, Kevin Moorhouse, Amanda M Agnew
Thoracic injuries are frequently observed in motor vehicle crashes, and rib fractures are the most common of those injuries. Thoracic response targets have previously been developed from data obtained from post-mortem human subject (PMHS) tests in frontal loading conditions, most commonly of mid-size males. Traditional scaling methods are employed to identify differences in thoracic response for various demographic groups, but it is often unknown if these applications are appropriate, especially considering the limited number of tested PMHS from which those scaling factors originate...
November 2019: Stapp Car Crash Journal
https://read.qxmd.com/read/32311061/assessment-of-several-thor-thoracic-injury-criteria-based-on-a-new-post-mortem-human-subject-test-series-and-recommendations
#29
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Xavier Trosseille, Philippe Petit, Jérôme Uriot, Pascal Potier, Pascal Baudrit
Several studies, available in the literature, were conducted to establish the most relevant criterion for predicting the thoracic injury risk on the THOR dummy. The criteria, such as the maximum deflection or a combination of parameters including the difference between the chest right and left deflections, were all developed based on given samples of Post Mortem Human Subject (PMHS). However, they were not validated against independent data and they are not always consistent with the observations from field data analysis...
November 2019: Stapp Car Crash Journal
https://read.qxmd.com/read/32311060/analysis-of-force-mitigation-by-boots-in-axial-impacts-using-a-lower-leg-finite-element-model
#30
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Carolyn E Hampton, Michael Kleinberger, Michael Schlick, Narayan Yoganandan, Frank A Pintar
Lower extremity injuries caused by floor plate impacts through the axis of the lower leg are a major source of injury and disability for civilian and military vehicle occupants. A collection of PMHS pendulum impacts was revisited to obtain data for paired booted/unbooted test on the same leg. Five sets of paired pendulum impacts (10 experiments in total) were found using four lower legs from two PMHS. The PMHS size and age was representative of an average young adult male. In these tests, a PMHS leg was impacted by a 3...
November 2019: Stapp Car Crash Journal
https://read.qxmd.com/read/32311059/kinematic-and-biomechanical-response-of-post-mortem-human-subjects-under-various-pre-impact-postures-to-high-rate-vertical-loading-conditions
#31
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Lauren Wood Zaseck, Anne C Bonifas, Carl S Miller, Nichole Ritchie Orton, Matthew P Reed, Constantine K Demetropoulos, Kyle A Ott, Christopher J Dooley, Nathanael P Kuo, Leah M Strohsnitter, Joseph R Andrist, Mary E Luongo, David G Drewry, Andrew C Merkle, Jonathan D Rupp
Limited data exist on the injury tolerance and biomechanical response of humans to high-rate, under-body blast (UBB) loading conditions that are commonly seen in current military operations, and there are no data examining the influence of occupant posture on response. Additionally, no anthropomorphic test device (ATD) currently exists that can properly assess the response of humans to high-rate UBB loading. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to examine the response of post-mortem human surrogates (PMHS) in various seated postures to high-rate, vertical loading representative of those conditions seen in theater...
November 2019: Stapp Car Crash Journal
https://read.qxmd.com/read/32311058/biofidelic-evaluation-of-the-large-omni-directional-child-anthropomorphic-test-device-in-low-speed-loading-conditions
#32
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Thomas Seacrist, Jalaj Maheshwari, Valentina Graci, Christine M Holt, Raul Akkem, Gregory Chingas, Ethan C Douglas, Madeline Griffith, Aimee J Palumbo
Motor vehicle crashes remain the leading cause of death for children. Traditionally, restraint design has focused on the crash phase of the impact with an optimally seated occupant. In order to optimize restrain design for real-world scenarios, research has recently expanded its focus to non-traditional loading conditions including pre-crash positioning and lower speed impacts. The goal of this study was to evaluate the biofidelity of the large omni-directional child (LODC) ATD in non-traditional loading conditions by comparing its response to pediatric volunteer data in low-speed sled tests...
November 2019: Stapp Car Crash Journal
https://read.qxmd.com/read/32311057/factors-affecting-child-injury-risk-in-motor-vehicle-crashes
#33
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Marco Benedetti, Kathleen D Klinich, Miriam A Manary, Carol A C Flannagan
Current recommendations for restraining child occupants are based on biomechanical testing and data from national and international field studies primarily conducted prior to 2011. We hypothesized that analysis to identify factors associated with pediatric injury in motor-vehicle crashes using a national database of more recent police-reported crashes in the United States involving children under age 13 where type of child restraint system (CRS) is recorded would support previous recommendations. Weighted data were extracted from the National Automotive Sampling System General Estimates System (NASS-GES) for crash years 2010 to 2015...
November 2019: Stapp Car Crash Journal
https://read.qxmd.com/read/32311056/response-ratio-development-for-lateral-pendulum-impact-with-porcine-thorax-and-abdomen-surrogate-equivalents
#34
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Jennifer L Yaek, John M Cavanaugh, Stephen W Rouhana
There has been recent progress over the past 10 years in research comparing 6-year-old thoracic and abdominal response of pediatric volunteers, pediatric post mortem human subjects (PMHS), animal surrogates, and 6-year-old ATDs. Although progress has been made to guide scaling laws of adult to pediatric thorax and abdomen data for use in ATD design and development of finite element models, further effort is needed, particularly with respect to lateral impacts. The objective of the current study was to use the impact response data of age equivalent swine from Yaek et al...
November 2019: Stapp Car Crash Journal
https://read.qxmd.com/read/32311055/a-shoulder-injury-criterion-for-the-eurosid-2re-applicable-in-a-large-loading-condition-spectrum-of-the-military-domain
#35
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Matthieu Lebarbé, Pascal Baudrit, Denis Lafont
The EuroSID-2re (ES-2re) is an Anthropometric Test Device (ATD) from the automotive domain designed for lateral impact. Since the 2000's, it has also been used by NATO armies to assess the risk of injury to armored vehicles occupants submitted to an Improvised Explosive Device (IED) attack. The resulting loading conditions from an explosion can vary a lot in term of impact velocity and duration. They range from high velocity impacts (~28 m/s), characterized by a short duration (~10 ms) corresponding to cases where the panel deforms under an explosion, to low velocity impacts (~4 m/s), ch aracterized by a long duration (~50 ms) similar to the automotive domain...
November 2019: Stapp Car Crash Journal
https://read.qxmd.com/read/32311054/far-side-impact-injury-threshold-recommendations-based-on-6-paired-worldsid-post-mortem-human-subjects-tests
#36
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Philippe Petit, Xavier Trosseille, Jérome Uriot, David Poulard, Pascal Potier, Pascal Baudrit, Sabine Compigne, Masato Kunisada, Kenji Tsurui
Far side has been identified in the literature as a potential cause of numerous injuries and fatalities. Euro NCAP developed a far side test protocol to be performed to assess adult protection. A monitoring phase was undertaken between January 2018 and December 2019, and the far side assessment will become part of the rating for all vehicles launched in 2020 onward. A test buck was developed and 6 paired WorldSID / Post Mortem Human Subjects (PMHS) were subjected to the test protocol proposed by Euro NCAP to contribute to the development of limits...
November 2019: Stapp Car Crash Journal
https://read.qxmd.com/read/32311053/pmhs-and-worldsid-kinematic-and-injury-response-in-far-side-events-in-a-vehicle-based-test-environment
#37
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Daniel Perez-Rapela, John-Paul Donlon, Jason L Forman, Jeff R Crandall, Bengt Pipkorn, Benjamin K Shurtz, Craig Markusic
Far-side kinematics and injury are influenced by the occupant environment. The goal of the present study was to evaluate in-vehicle human far-side kinematics, kinetics and injury and to assess the ability of the WorldSID to represent them. A series of tests with five Post-Mortem Human Subjects and the WorldSID were conducted in a vehicle-based sled test environment. The surrogates were subjected to a far-side pulse of 16.5 g in a 75-degree impact direction. The PMHS were instrumented with 6 degree-of-freedom sensors to the head, spine and pelvis, a chestband, strain gauge rosettes, a 3D tracking array mounted to the head and multiple single 3D tracking markers on the rest of the body...
November 2019: Stapp Car Crash Journal
https://read.qxmd.com/read/32311052/development-of-a-subhuman-primate-brain-finite-element-model-to-investigate-brain-injury-thresholds-induced-by-head-rotation
#38
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Tushar Arora, Liying Zhang, Priya Prasad
An anatomically detailed rhesus monkey brain FE model was developed to simulate in vivo responses of the brain of sub-human primates subjected to rotational accelerations resulting in diffuse axonal injury (DAI). The material properties used in the monkey model are those in the GHBMC 50th percentile male head model (Global Human Body Model Consortium). The angular loading simulations consisted of coronal, oblique and sagittal plane rotations with the center of rotation in neck to duplicate experimental conditions...
November 2019: Stapp Car Crash Journal
https://read.qxmd.com/read/32311051/human-response-and-injury-resulting-from-head-impacts-with-unmanned-aircraft-systems
#39
JOURNAL ARTICLE
David B Stark, Arrianna K Willis, Zach Eshelman, Yun-Seok Kang, Rakshit Ramachandra, John H Bolte, Matthew McCrink
Unmanned aircraft systems (UAS), commonly known as drones, are part of a new and budding industry in the United States. Economic and public benefits associated with UAS use across multiple commercial sectors are driving new regulations which alter the stringent laws currently restricting UAS flights over people. As new regulations are enacted and more UAS populate the national airspace, there is a need to both understand and quantify the risk associated with UAS impacts with the uninvolved public. The purpose of this study was to investigate the biomechanical response and injury outcomes of Post Mortem Human Surrogates (PMHS) subjected to UAS head impacts...
November 2019: Stapp Car Crash Journal
https://read.qxmd.com/read/32311050/brain-strain-from-motion-of-sparse-markers
#40
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Zhou Zhou, Xiaogai Li, Svein Kleiven, Warren N Hardy
Brain strain secondary to head impact or inertial loading is closely associated with pathologic observations in the brain. The only experimental brain strain dataset under loadings close to traumatic levels was calculated by imposing the experimentally measured motion of markers embedded in the brain to an auxiliary model formed by triad elements (Hardy et al., 2007). However, fidelity of the calculated strain as well as the suitability of using triad elements for three-dimensional (3D) strain estimation remains to be verified...
November 2019: Stapp Car Crash Journal
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