journal
https://read.qxmd.com/read/38216387/how-does-the-microbiota-control-systemic-innate-immunity
#21
REVIEW
Christine K I Jordan, Thomas B Clarke
The intestinal microbiota has a pervasive influence on mammalian innate immunity fortifying defenses to infection in tissues throughout the host. How intestinal microbes control innate defenses in systemic tissues is, however, poorly defined. In our opinion, there are three core challenges that need addressing to advance our understanding of how the intestinal microbiota controls innate immunity systemically: first, deciphering how signals from intestinal microbes are transmitted to distal tissues; second, unraveling how intestinal microbes prime systemic innate immunity without inducing widespread immunopathology; and third, identifying which intestinal microbes control systemic immunity...
January 11, 2024: Trends in Immunology
https://read.qxmd.com/read/38151443/b-cell-phylogenetics-in-the-single-cell-era
#22
REVIEW
Kenneth B Hoehn, Steven H Kleinstein
The widespread availability of single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) has led to the development of new methods for understanding immune responses. Single-cell transcriptome data can now be paired with B cell receptor (BCR) sequences. However, RNA from BCRs cannot be analyzed like most other genes because BCRs are genetically diverse within individuals. In humans, BCRs are shaped through recombination followed by mutation and selection for antigen binding. As these processes co-occur with cell division, B cells can be studied using phylogenetic trees representing the mutations within a clone...
December 27, 2023: Trends in Immunology
https://read.qxmd.com/read/38143224/double-take-sars-cov-2-has-evolved-to-evade-human-innate-immunity-twice
#23
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Ellen F Foxman
Sequential replacement of the dominant SARS-CoV-2 virus by new variants has been a striking feature of the COVID-19 pandemic. In two recent articles, Bouhaddou et al. and Kehrer et al. demonstrate that, like the original virus, the SARS-CoV-2 omicron strain has progressively evolved to evade host innate immune defenses.
December 23, 2023: Trends in Immunology
https://read.qxmd.com/read/38142147/the-potential-of-mrna-vaccines-in-cancer-nanomedicine-and-immunotherapy
#24
REVIEW
Shulin Pan, Rangrang Fan, Bo Han, Aiping Tong, Gang Guo
Owing to their outstanding performance against COVID-19, mRNA vaccines have brought great hope for combating various incurable diseases, including cancer. Differences in the encoded proteins result in different molecular and cellular mechanisms of mRNA vaccines. With the rapid development of nanotechnology and molecular medicine, personalized antigen-encoding mRNA vaccines that enhance antigen presentation can trigger effective immune responses and prevent off-target toxicities. Herein, we review new insights into the influence of encoded antigens, cytokines, and other functional proteins on the mechanisms of mRNA vaccines...
December 22, 2023: Trends in Immunology
https://read.qxmd.com/read/38135598/the-many-ways-in-which-alphaviruses-bind-to-cells
#25
REVIEW
Saravanan Raju, Lucas J Adams, Michael S Diamond
Only a subset of viruses can productively infect many different host species. Some arthropod-transmitted viruses, such as alphaviruses, can infect invertebrate and vertebrate species including insects, reptiles, birds, and mammals. This broad tropism may be explained by their ability to engage receptors that are conserved across vertebrate and invertebrate classes. Through several genome-wide loss-of-function screens, new alphavirus receptors have been identified, some of which bind to multiple related viruses in different antigenic complexes...
December 22, 2023: Trends in Immunology
https://read.qxmd.com/read/38135599/modeling-human-immune-responses-to-vaccination-in-vitro
#26
REVIEW
Elena Morrocchi, Simon van Haren, Paolo Palma, Ofer Levy
The human immune system is a complex network of coordinated components that are crucial for health and disease. Animal models, commonly used to study immunomodulatory agents, are limited by species-specific differences, low throughput, and ethical concerns. In contrast, in vitro modeling of human immune responses can enable species- and population-specific mechanistic studies and translational development within the same study participant. Translational accuracy of in vitro models is enhanced by accounting for genetic, epigenetic, and demographic features such as age, sex, and comorbidity...
December 21, 2023: Trends in Immunology
https://read.qxmd.com/read/38123369/chimeric-antigen-receptor-t-reg-therapy-in-transplantation
#27
REVIEW
Siawosh K Eskandari, Andrea Daccache, Jamil R Azzi
In the quest for more precise and effective organ transplantation therapies, chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) regulatory T cell (Treg ) therapies represent a potential cutting-edge advance. This review comprehensively analyses CAR Tregs and how they may address important drawbacks of polyclonal Tregs and conventional immunosuppressants. We examine a growing body of preclinical findings of CAR Treg therapy in transplantation, discuss CAR Treg design specifics, and explore established and attractive new targets in transplantation...
December 19, 2023: Trends in Immunology
https://read.qxmd.com/read/38103991/targeting-neuraminidase-the-next-frontier-for-broadly-protective-influenza-vaccines
#28
REVIEW
Nicholas C Wu, Ali H Ellebedy
Current seasonal influenza vaccines, which mainly target hemagglutinin (HA), require annual updates due to the continuous antigenic drift of the influenza virus. Developing an influenza vaccine with increased breadth of protection will have significant public health benefits. The recent discovery of broadly protective antibodies to neuraminidase (NA) has provided important insights into developing a universal influenza vaccine, either by improving seasonal influenza vaccines or designing novel immunogens. However, further in-depth molecular characterizations of NA antibody responses are warranted to fully leverage broadly protective NA antibodies for influenza vaccine designs...
December 15, 2023: Trends in Immunology
https://read.qxmd.com/read/37995659/tumor-macrophage-functional-heterogeneity-can-inform-the-development-of-novel-cancer-therapies
#29
REVIEW
Ibraheem Nasir, Conor McGuinness, Ashleigh R Poh, Matthias Ernst, Phillip K Darcy, Kara L Britt
Macrophages represent a key component of the tumor microenvironment (TME) and are largely associated with poor prognosis. Therapeutic targeting of macrophages has historically focused on inhibiting their recruitment or reprogramming their phenotype from a protumor (M2-like) to an antitumor (M1-like) one. Unfortunately, this approach has not provided clinical breakthroughs that have changed practice. Emerging studies utilizing single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) and spatial transcriptomics have improved our understanding of the ontogeny, phenotype, and functional plasticity of macrophages...
December 2023: Trends in Immunology
https://read.qxmd.com/read/37949786/reframing-macrophage-diversity-with-network-motifs
#30
REVIEW
Gabriela A Pizzurro, Kathryn Miller-Jensen
A binary classification of macrophage activation as inflammatory or resolving does not capture the diversity of macrophage states observed in tissues. However, framing macrophage activation as a continuous spectrum of states overlooks the intracellular and extracellular networks that regulate and coordinate macrophage responses. Here, we suggest that the systems biology concept of network motifs, which incorporate rules of local molecular interactions, is useful for reframing macrophage activation. Because network motifs can be used to regulate distinct biological functions, they offer a simplified unit that can be compared across organismal, tissue, and disease contexts...
December 2023: Trends in Immunology
https://read.qxmd.com/read/37951789/homeostatic-chemokines-as-putative-therapeutic-targets-in-idiopathic-pulmonary-fibrosis
#31
REVIEW
Remo C Russo, Valerie F J Quesniaux, Bernhard Ryffel
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a fatal chronic interstitial lung disease (ILD) that affects lung mechanical functions and gas exchange. IPF is caused by increased fibroblast activity and collagen deposition that compromise the alveolar-capillary barrier. Identifying an effective therapy for IPF remains a clinical challenge. Chemokines are key proteins in cell communication that have functions in immunity as well as in tissue homeostasis, damage, and repair. Chemokine receptor signaling induces the activation and proliferation of lung-resident cells, including alveolar macrophages (AMs) and fibroblasts...
November 9, 2023: Trends in Immunology
https://read.qxmd.com/read/37949785/uniting-innate-and-adaptive-immunity-in-glioblastoma-an-%C3%AE-ctla-4-quest
#32
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Nicolas Camviel, Leila Akkari
Immunotherapies have thus far led to disappointing outcomes in patients suffering from glioblastoma. Published in Immunity, Chen et al.'s recent study shows the therapeutic potential of an αCTLA-4 antibody (Ab), specifically in murine mesenchymal-like glioblastoma. αCTLA-4 Ab efficacy relied on the distinctive cooperation between CD4+ Th1 T cells and microglia, unleashing a potent antitumor response.
November 8, 2023: Trends in Immunology
https://read.qxmd.com/read/37949784/diet-and-immune-response-how-today-s-plate-shapes-tomorrow-s-health
#33
REVIEW
Francesco Siracusa, Joseph Tintelnot, Filippo Cortesi, Nicola Gagliani
Nutrition is emerging as a promising therapeutic tool to modulate the immune system in health and disease. We propose that the timing of dietary interventions is probably what determines their success. In this context, we explore recent research that identifies the early phases of dietary intervention as critical time windows for modulating immunity and optimizing cancer therapy. Furthermore, we highlight how the timing of intervention can yield different outcomes. The data suggest that nutrient availability and absorption over a short period can significantly impact mammalian immune and even non-immune landscapes...
November 8, 2023: Trends in Immunology
https://read.qxmd.com/read/37949783/monocyte-differentiation-within-tissues-a-renewed-outlook
#34
REVIEW
Alessandra Rigamonti, Javiera Villar, Elodie Segura
When recruited to mammalian tissues, monocytes differentiate into macrophages or dendritic cells (DCs). In the past few years, the existence of monocyte-derived DCs (moDCs) was questioned by the discovery of new DC populations with overlapping phenotypes. Here, we critically review the evidence for monocyte differentiation into DCs in tissues and highlight their specific functions. Recent studies have shown that monocyte-derived macrophages (moMacs) with distinct life cycles coexist in tissues, both at steady state and upon inflammation...
November 8, 2023: Trends in Immunology
https://read.qxmd.com/read/37945504/macrophage-states-there-s-a-method-in-the-madness
#35
REVIEW
Gajanan Katkar, Pradipta Ghosh
Single-cell approaches have shone a spotlight on discrete context-specific tissue macrophage states, deconstructed to their most minute details. Machine-learning (ML) approaches have recently challenged that dogma by revealing a context-agnostic continuum of states shared across tissues. Both approaches agree that 'brake' and 'accelerator' macrophage subpopulations must be balanced to achieve homeostasis. Both approaches also highlight the importance of ensemble fluidity as subpopulations switch between wide ranges of accelerator and brake phenotypes to mount the most optimal wholistic response to any threat...
November 7, 2023: Trends in Immunology
https://read.qxmd.com/read/37945503/alzheimer-s-defense-brain-cd8-t-cells-in-action
#36
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Dan Hu
In a remarkable new study, Su et al. have shown that a specific subpopulation of CD8+ T cells, attracted to brain lesion sites and expanded via microglia-CD8+ T cell CXCL16-CXCR6 intercellular communication, can curb Alzheimer's disease (AD)-related pathology in mouse models.
November 7, 2023: Trends in Immunology
https://read.qxmd.com/read/37940395/leveraging-human-immune-organoids-for-rational-vaccine-design
#37
REVIEW
Jenna M Kastenschmidt, Suhas Sureshchandra, Lisa E Wagar
Current influenza A and B virus (IABV) vaccines provide suboptimal protection and efforts are underway to develop a universal IABV vaccine. Blood neutralizing antibodies are the current gold standard for protection, but many processes that regulate human IABV-specific immunity occur in mucosal and lymphoid tissues. We need an improved mechanistic understanding of how immune cells respond within these tissues to advance our current (slow and expensive) vaccine testing model. We posit that advanced in vitro models of human adaptive immunity can bridge some of the gaps between vaccine design, animal models, and human clinical trials...
November 6, 2023: Trends in Immunology
https://read.qxmd.com/read/37940394/macrophage-phenotypes-and-functions-resolving-inflammation-and-restoring-homeostasis
#38
REVIEW
Patricia Rodríguez-Morales, Ruth A Franklin
Inflammation must be tightly regulated to both defend against pathogens and restore tissue homeostasis. The resolution of inflammatory responses is a dynamic process orchestrated by cells of the immune system. Macrophages, tissue-resident innate immune cells, are key players in modulating inflammation. Here, we review recent work highlighting the importance of macrophages in tissue resolution and the return to homeostasis. We propose that enhancing macrophage pro-resolution functions represents a novel and widely applicable therapeutic strategy to dampen inflammation, promote repair, and restore tissue integrity and function...
November 6, 2023: Trends in Immunology
https://read.qxmd.com/read/37932176/in-vivo-clinical-molecular-imaging-of-t-cell-activity
#39
REVIEW
Xiaju Cheng, Jiahao Shen, Jingwei Xu, Jinfeng Zhu, Pei Xu, Yong Wang, Mingyuan Gao
Tumor immunotherapy is refashioning traditional treatments in the clinic for certain tumors, especially by relying on the activation of T cells. However, the safety and effectiveness of many antitumor immunotherapeutic agents are suboptimal due to difficulties encountered in assessing T cell responses and adjusting treatment regimens accordingly. Here, we review advances in the clinical visualization of T cell activity in vivo, and focus particularly on molecular imaging probes and biomarkers of T cell activation...
November 4, 2023: Trends in Immunology
https://read.qxmd.com/read/37919213/innate-immunity-the-bacterial-connection
#40
REVIEW
François Rousset
Pathogens have fueled the diversification of intracellular defense strategies that collectively define cell-autonomous innate immunity. In bacteria, innate immunity is manifested by a broad arsenal of defense systems that provide protection against bacterial viruses, called phages. The complexity of the bacterial immune repertoire has only been realized recently and is now suggesting that innate immunity has commonalities across the tree of life: many components of eukaryotic innate immunity are found in bacteria where they protect against phages, including the cGAS-STING pathway, gasdermins, and viperins...
October 31, 2023: Trends in Immunology
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