Current Drug Targets

Breast cancer has remained a global challenge and the second leading cause of cancer mortality in women and family history. Hereditary factors are some of the major risk factors associated with breast cancer. Out of total breast cancer cases, 5-10% account only for familial breast cancer, and nearly 50% of all hereditary breast cancer are due to BRCA1/BRCA2 germline mutations. BRCA1/2 mutations play an important role not only in determining the clinical prognosis of breast cancer but also in the survival curves...

Triple negative breast cancers are malignant, heterogeneous tumors with high histological grades, increased reoccurrence, and cancer-related death rates. TNBC metastasis to the brain, lungs, liver, and lymph nodes is a complex process regulated by epithelial to mesenchymal transition, intravasation, extravasation, stem cell niche, and migration. Aberrant expression of miRNAs, also known as a transcriptional regulators of genes, may function as oncogenes or tumor suppressors. In this review, we systematically elucidated the biogenesis and tumor suppressor role of miRNA in targeting distant metastasis of TNBC cells and the above-mentioned underlying mechanisms involved in complicating the disease...

Global health security has been challenged by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic. Due to the lengthy process of generating vaccinations, it is vital to reposition currently available drugs in order to relieve anti-epidemic tensions and accelerate the development of therapies for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), the public threat caused by SARS-CoV-2. High throughput screening techniques have established their roles in the evaluation of already available medications and the search for novel potential agents with desirable chemical space and more cost-effectiveness...

BACKGROUND: Parasitic human infectious diseases are a worldwide health problem due to the increased resistance to conventional drugs. For this reason, the identification of novel molecular targets and the discovery of new chemotherapeutic agents are urgently required. Metalo-aminopeptidases are promising targets in parasitic infections. They participate in crucial processes for parasite growth and pathogenesis. OBJECTIVE: In this review, we describe the structural, functional and kinetic properties, and inhibitors, of several parasite metalo-aminopeptidases, for their use as targets in parasitic diseases...

More people are diagnosed with thyroid cancer than any other endocrine tumor. Differentiated thyroid cancer is often treated by removing the thyroid gland (thyroidectomy), iodizing radiation, or inhibiting thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH). Advanced thyroid carcinomas are notoriously resistant to chemotherapy, thus the pursuit of alternative treatments is vital. The best methods for treating individuals with advanced nonmedullary and medullary thyroid carcinomas are discussed in this post. Numerous tyrosine kinase inhibitors and antiangiogenic inhibitors, two types of novel target therapy, have shown promise in studies for individuals with thyroid cancer...

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No abstract text is available yet for this article.

Humanity has been battling with tuberculosis (TB) for a long period, and despite the availability of drugs well-known to act against the deadly microbe, the menace is still very far from reaching its end. Moreover, problems related to TB chemotherapy, such as lengthy treatment periods leading to poor patient compliance, increasing drug resistance, and association with another deadlier disease HIV-AIDS, make the situation alarming, thereby pressing the need for the discovery of new potent drugs urgently. Therefore, a drug target that is essential for survival and exclusive to M...

Bone morphogenetic proteins are a center of serious concern and are known to execute various cancer-related issues. The BMP signaling cascades have become more unpredictable as a result of their pleiotropic and risky characteristics, particularly when it comes to cancer responses. This perspective discusses the current therapeutic implications, emphasizes different cellular aspects that impact the failures of the current drug treatments, and speculates on future research avenues that include novel strategies like metabolomic studies and bio-mimetic peptide therapeutics to mitigate cancerous outcomes...

INTRODUCTION: Postnatal cardiomyocytes respond to stress signals by hypertrophic growth and fetal gene reprogramming, which involves epigenetic remodeling mediated by histone methyltransferase polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) and histone deacetylases (HDACs). However, it remains unclear to what extent these histone modifiers contribute to the development of cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. METHODS: Neonatal rat ventricular myocytes (NRVMs) were stimulated by phenylephrine (PE; 50μM) to induce hypertrophy in the presence or absence of the PRC2 inhibitor GSK126 or the HDACs inhibitor Trichostatin A (TSA)...

BACKGROUND: Worldwide, millions of people are affected by liver disorders and issues, and the successful treatment of patients seems challenging even after many treatment strategies. Presently, doctors are left with treatments like liver transplantation and resection. Researchers found it challenging to target the liver due to various drawbacks such as opsonization, mechanical entrapment, and RES uptake. METHODS: Literature (from the past ten years) on different research data on the treatment of liver diseases and study reports on the development of various nanocarriers targeting the liver have been collected using multiple search engines such as ScienceDirect, j-gate, google scholar, PubMed, sci-hub, etc...

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease [NAFLD] is a common metabolic disorder associated with obesity, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia and cardiovascular disease. A "multiple hit" model has been a widely accepted explanation for the disease's complicated pathogenesis. Despite advances in our knowledge of the processes underlying NAFLD, there is no conventional pharmaceutical therapy. The only currently approved option is to make lifestyle modifications, such as dietary and physical activity changes. The use of medicinal plants in the treatment of NAFLD has gained interest...

BACKGROUND: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are extensively used pharmaceuticals and tons of kilos are produced annually. Ibuprofen is one of the core medicines of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug and is primarily used for reduced pain, fever and tissue inflammation. It is also available for the treatment of osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, tendonitis, etc. It is still one of the most prescribed non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in contemporary times. Although ibuprofen is a drug that has been used for years, it is also known to have various serious toxic effects...

BACKGROUND: The liver is one of the crucial organs in humans and is responsible for the regulation of diverse processes, including metabolism, secretion, and detoxification. Ingestion of alcohol and drugs, environmental pollutants, and irradiation are among the risk factors accountable for oxidative stress in the liver. Plant flavonoids have the potential to protect the liver from damage caused by a variety of chemicals. OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY: The present study aims to summarize up-to-date information on the protective roles of plant flavonoids against liver damage...

With a prevalence ranging from 16-21%, tinnitus is an irking neurological disorder, manifesting as the perception of a roar of cacophony without an external acoustic stimulus. Although tinnitus is a non-life-threatening symptom, tinnitus's negative repercussions, such as personality disturbances and social withdrawal, are daunting concerns despite a gamut of conventional and emerging treatment options. Tinnitus management is still a critical challenge that provides opportunities for clinicians, ENT (Ear/eye, nose and throat) physicians, and other specialists such as audiologists, psychiatrists, and psychologists...

Alzheimer's Disease (AD), affecting a large population worldwide, is characterized by the old population's loss of memory and learning ability. Cholinergic deficiency is associated with AD, and various cholinesterase inhibitors have been developed to treat AD, including naturally-derived inhibitors, synthetic analogs, and hybrids. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) has obtained a renewed interest as a therapeutic target in Alzheimer's disease (AD) due to increased neural cells' function by increasing the concentration of acetylcholine...

INTRODUCTION: The association between triamcinolone hexacetonide (TH) and gold nanoparticles (GNPs) represents a promising treatment due to the potential anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of these compounds. In this study, we evaluated the effects of intra-articular treatment of TH associated with GNPs in a mechanical model of osteoarthritis (OA). METHODS: Fifty Wistar rats were divided into five groups: Sham; OA; OA+TH; OA+GNPs; OA+TH-GNPs. Both applications were performed 30 and 60 days after the model was induced...

BACKGROUND: Constipation is one of the most frequent abnormalities of the gastrointestinal system that affects the patient's quality of life. Constipation is more common in women and affects them more frequently as they get older. Many constipated patients take over-the-counter drugs for treatment, but some do not respond to these medicines and need newer, more expensive drugs. Still, many patients are not completely satisfied with these medicines. Unlike other areas, constipation research is not given much importance...

INTRODUCTION: Diseases caused by protozoa are one of the leading causes of death worldwide, especially in tropical regions such as Brazil. Chagas disease, leishmaniasis, and malaria are responsible for around 234 million cases and more than 400,000 deaths worldwide. Despite this scenario, drugs for these diseases have several limitations, which justifies the search for new treatments. Iron superoxide dismutase is a promising target for the drug design to treat patients with these diseases...

BACKGROUND: Epigenetic regulation of gene signalling is one of the fundamental molecular mechanisms for the generation and maintenance of cellular memory. Histone acetylation is a common epigenetic mechanism associated with increased gene transcription in the central nervous system (CNS). Stimulation of gene transcription by histone acetylation is important for the development of CNS-based long-term memory. Histone acetylation is a target for cognitive enhancement via the application of histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors...