journal
https://read.qxmd.com/read/15198517/pharmacogenomics-of-multigenic-diseases-sex-specific-differences-in-disease-and-treatment-outcome
#21
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Julia Pinsonneault, Wolfgang Sadée
Numerous genetic variations have been shown to affect disease susceptibility and drug response. Pharmacogenomics aims at improving therapy on the basis of genetic information for each individual patient. Furthermore, sex chromosomes broadly determine biological differences between males and females. Consequently, substantial sex differences exist in phenotypic manifestation of disease and treatment response. This review discusses the role of sex in coronary artery disease, schizophrenia, and depression--complex multigenic disorders with considerable sex differences in frequency and presentation...
November 5, 2003: AAPS PharmSci
https://read.qxmd.com/read/15198516/hydroxyzine-from-topical-phospholipid-liposomal-formulations-evaluation-of-peripheral-antihistaminic-activity-and-systemic-absorption-in-a-rabbit-model
#22
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Abeer A W Elzainy, Xiaochen Gu, F Estelle R Simons, Keith J Simons
Hydroxyzine, an effective but sedating H1-antihistamine is given orally to treat allergic skin disorders. This study was performed to assess the peripheral H(1)-antihistaminic activity and extent of systemic absorption of hydroxyzine from liposomes applied to the skin. Using L-alpha-phosphatidylcholine (PC), small unilamellar vesicles (SUVs) and multilamellar vesicles (MLVs) containing hydroxyzine were prepared. Hydroxyzine in Glaxal Base (GB) was used as the control. Using a randomized, crossover design, each formulation, containing 10 mg of hydroxyzine, was applied to the shaved backs of 6 rabbits (3...
November 5, 2003: AAPS PharmSci
https://read.qxmd.com/read/15198515/aaps-raps-capra-collaborative-program-exploring-the-challenges-of-drug-regulation-in-a-global-environment-clinical-concerns
#23
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Marilyn N Martinez, Iain McGilveray
Globalization of the pharmaceutical industry has led to a need to harmonize the regulatory requirements governing the marketing of medicinal products. To minimize the barriers impeding global drug product registration, the International Conference on the Harmonization of Technical Requirements of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH) was established in 1990. The ICH has developed a series of guidelines that reflect agreements reached by participating nations on aspects of the chemistry and clinical technical sections that will fulfill the regulatory requirements of these various jurisdications...
October 23, 2003: AAPS PharmSci
https://read.qxmd.com/read/15198514/amphiphilic-star-like-macromolecules-as-novel-carriers-for-topical-delivery-of-nonsteroidal-anti-inflammatory-drugs
#24
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Jelena Djordjevic, Bozena Michniak, Kathryn E Uhrich
The objective of this study was to evaluate amphiphilic star-like macromolecules (ASMs) as a topical drug delivery system. Indomethacin, piroxicam, and ketoprofen were individually encapsulated into the ASMs using coprecipitation. The effects of the ASMs on percutaneous permeation of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) across full thickness, hairless mouse skin were evaluated in vitro using modified Franz diffusion cells. In addition, solubility and in vitro release experiments were performed to characterize ASMs behavior in aqueous media...
October 16, 2003: AAPS PharmSci
https://read.qxmd.com/read/14621960/nutraceutical-definition-and-introduction
#25
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Ekta K Kalra
Dr Stephen DeFelice coined the term "Nutraceutical" from "Nutrition" and "Pharmaceutical" in 1989. The term nutraceutical is being commonly used in marketing but has no regulatory definition. An attempt to redefine nutraceuticals and functional foods is made in this article. The proposed definitions can help distinguish between functional foods, nutraceuticals, and dietary supplements. The advantages and disadvantages of nutraceuticals are also briefly discussed.
2003: AAPS PharmSci
https://read.qxmd.com/read/14621959/high-glucose-concentration-in-isotonic-media-alters-caco-2-cell-permeability
#26
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Vanessa M D'Souza, Howard G Shertzer, Anil G Menon, Giovanni M Pauletti
Caco-2 cell permeability was evaluated in isotonic media containing high (25 mM) or physiological (5.5 mM) glucose concentrations. Transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and membrane fluidity were measured to assess glucose-induced alterations in physical barrier properties. In parallel, distribution of the actin filament (F-actin) and zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) proteins was assessed by confocal microscopy. Transepithelial fluxes of mannitol, hydrocortisone, digoxin, and glycyl sarcosine (Gly-Sar) that permeate the intestinal mucosa by various pathways were measured to quantify the effect of glucose-induced changes on Caco-2 cell permeability...
2003: AAPS PharmSci
https://read.qxmd.com/read/14621958/quantitation-of-motexafin-lutetium-in-human-plasma-by-liquid-chromatography-tandem-mass-spectrometry-and-inductively-coupled-plasma-atomic-emission-spectroscopy
#27
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Dale Miles, Tarak D Mody, Lori I Hatcher, John Fiene, Mark Stiles, Patrick P Lin, J W Lee
Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) methods were developed and validated for the evaluation of motexafin lutetium (MLu, lutetium texaphyrin, PCI-0123) pharmacokinetics in human plasma. The LC-MS/MS method was specific for MLu, whereas the ICP-AES method measured total elemental lutetium. Both methods were fast, simple, precise, and accurate. For the LC-MS/MS method, a closely related analogue (PCI-0353) was used as the internal standard (IS)...
2003: AAPS PharmSci
https://read.qxmd.com/read/12866948/high-throughput-screening-assays-for-cyp2b6-metabolism-and-inhibition-using-fluorogenic-vivid-substrates
#28
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Bryan D Marks, Tony A Goossens, Heidi A Braun, Mary S Ozers, Ronald W Smith, Connie Lebakken, Olga V Trubetskoy
CYP2B6 is a highly polymorphic P450 isozyme involved in the metabolism of endo- and xenobiotics with known implications for the activation of many procarcinogens resulting in carcinogenesis. However, lack of validated high-throughput screening (HTS) CYP2B6 assays has limited the current understanding and full characterization of this isozyme's involvement in human drug metabolism. Here, we have developed and characterized a fluorescence-based HTS assay employing recombinant human CYP2B6 and 2 novel fluorogenic substrates (the Vivid CYP2B6 Blue and Cyan Substrates)...
2003: AAPS PharmSci
https://read.qxmd.com/read/12866947/evaluation-of-sucrose-esters-as-alternative-surfactants-in-microencapsulation-of-proteins-by-the-solvent-evaporation-method
#29
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Bi-Botti C Youan, Alamdar Hussain, Nga T Nguyen
Sucrose esters (SE) are surfactants with potential pharmaceutical applications because of their low toxicity, biocompatibility, and excellent biodegradability. The objective of the study was to investigate SE as alternative surfactants in stabilizing emulsions for the preparation of protein-loaded microparticles. To achieve this goal, using bovine serum albumin as model protein and 75/25 poly(d,l-lactide-co-glycolide) as polymer carrier, we have investigated the influence of the following formulation variables on particle characteristics: (1) SE concentration from 0...
2003: AAPS PharmSci
https://read.qxmd.com/read/12866946/atenolol-quantification-in-human-plasma-by-high-performance-liquid-chromatography-application-to-bioequivalence-study
#30
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Luis Renato Pires de Abreu, Silvana Aparecida Calafatti de Castro, José Pedrazzoli
An accurate, precise, and sensitive high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) assay was developed for the determination of atenolol in human plasma samples to compare the bioavailability of 2 atenolol tablet (50 mg) formulations in 24 volunteers of both sexes. The study had an open, randomized, 2-period crossover design with a 1-week washout period. Plasma samples were obtained over a 24-hour interval. Atenolol concentrations were analyzed by combined reversed phase liquid chromatography and fluorescence detection (lambda(EX) = 258 nm, lambda(EM) = 300 nm)...
2003: AAPS PharmSci
https://read.qxmd.com/read/12866945/exploring-the-demand-for-a-voluntary-medicare-prescription-drug-benefit
#31
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Richard R Cline, David A Mott
The purposes of this study were (1) to assess the utility of the economic theory of demand for insurance for modeling voluntary Medicare drug benefit enrollment decisions and (2) to explore the degree of adverse selection and crowd-out that might occur under a voluntary enrollment Medicare prescription benefit. Data were collected using a cross-sectional, mail survey of 2,100 community-dwelling adults aged 65 and older in Wisconsin. Respondents were asked to evaluate their likelihood of enrollment in any of 4 hypothetical drug benefit plans under the assumption that they could enroll in one of the hypothetical plans or maintain their current coverage...
2003: AAPS PharmSci
https://read.qxmd.com/read/12866944/colonic-drug-delivery-an-updated-review
#32
REVIEW
M Ajmal Shareef, Roop K Khar, Alka Ahuja, Farhan Jalees Ahmad, Swita Raghava
Specific targeting of drug to the colon is recognized to have several therapeutic advantages. Drugs that are destroyed by the acidic environment of the stomach or metabolized by pancreatic enzymes are only slightly affected in the colon. Sustained colonic delivery of drugs can be useful in the treatment of nocturnal asthma, angina, and arthritis. Treatment of colonic diseases such as ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, and colorectal cancer is more effective with direct delivery of drugs to the colon. This article is aimed at providing insight into the design considerations and evaluation of colonic drug delivery systems...
2003: AAPS PharmSci
https://read.qxmd.com/read/12866943/evaluation-of-the-antioxidant-activity-of-different-flavonoids-by-the-chemiluminescence-method
#33
EDITORIAL
Sandra R Georgetti, Rúbia Casagrande, Valéria M Di Mambro, Ana E C S Azzolini, Maria J V Fonseca
The objective of the present investigation was to study the antioxidant action of different flavonoids (quercetin, glabridin, red clover, and Isoflavin Beta, an isoflavones mixture) in order to determine if they could be added to a topical formulation used to treat damage caused by free radicals. Samples of 10 microL of the test compounds at different concentrations were mixed with 0.1 M phosphate buffer, pH 7.4, and a luminol solution was added to yield a final concentration of 0.113 mM. Hydrogen peroxide was then added at a final concentration of 0...
2003: AAPS PharmSci
https://read.qxmd.com/read/12866942/functional-differences-in-nucleoside-and-nucleobase-transporters-expressed-on-the-rabbit-corneal-epithelial-cell-line-sirc-and-isolated-rabbit-cornea
#34
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Soumyajit Majumdar, Giridhar S Tirucherai, Dhananjay Pal, Ashim K Mitra
The purpose of this study was to investigate the expression of nucleoside/nucleobase transporters on the Statens Seruminstitut rabbit corneal (SIRC) epithelial cell line and to evaluate SIRC as an in vitro screening tool for delineating the mechanism of corneal permeation of nucleoside analogs. SIRC cells (passages 410-425) were used to study uptake of [3H]thymidine, [3H]adenine, and [3H]ganciclovir. Transport of [3H]adenine and [3H]ganciclovir was studied across isolated rabbit cornea. Uptake and transport studies were performed for 2 minutes and 120 minutes, respectively, at 34 degrees C...
2003: AAPS PharmSci
https://read.qxmd.com/read/12866941/iontophoretic-transdermal-delivery-of-buspirone-hydrochloride-in-hairless-mouse-skin
#35
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Mohammad Al-Khalili, Victor M Meidan, Bozena B Michniak
The transdermal delivery of buspirone hydrochloride across hairless mouse skin and the combined effect of iontophoresis and terpene enhancers were evaluated in vitro using Franz diffusion cells. Iontophoretic delivery was optimized by evaluating the effect of drug concentration, current density, and pH of the vehicle solution. Increasing the current density from 0.05 to 0.1 mA/cm2 resulted in doubling of the iontophoretic flux of buspirone hydrochloride, while increasing drug concentration from 1% to 2% had no effect on flux...
2003: AAPS PharmSci
https://read.qxmd.com/read/12866940/wet-granulation-fine-particle-ethylcellulose-tablets-effect-of-production-variables-and-mathematical-modeling-of-drug-release
#36
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Anjali M Agrawal, Steven H Neau, Peter L Bonate
In the present study, the applicability of fine particle ethylcellulose (FPEC) to produce matrix tablets by a wet granulation technique was evaluated. The effect of various formulation and process variables, such as FPEC content, hardness of the tablet, and solubility of the drug, on the release of drug from these tablets was examined. Tablets were prepared by wet granulation of drug and FPEC in an appropriate mass ratio. Theophylline, caffeine, and dyphylline were selected as nonionizable model drugs with solubilities from 8...
2003: AAPS PharmSci
https://read.qxmd.com/read/12866939/influence-of-solvents-on-the-variety-of-crystalline-forms-of-erythromycin
#37
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Sabiruddin Mirza, Inna Miroshnyk, Jyrki Heinämäki, Leena Christiansen, Milja Karjalainen, Jouko Yliruusi
The influence of the organic solvents widely used in the pharmaceutical industry (acetone, methylethylketone, ethanol, and isopropanol) both in the presence and in the absence of water on the crystallization behavior of erythromycin (Em), a clinically relevant antibiotic of the macrolide group, was investigated. It was observed that despite a high preference for water as a guest molecule, Em rather easily forms solvates with the organic solvents studied. Consequently, 4 distinct solvates of Em have been isolated by recrystallization: acetonate, methylethylketonate, ethanolate, and isopropanolate...
2003: AAPS PharmSci
https://read.qxmd.com/read/12866938/application-of-dense-gas-techniques-for-the-production-of-fine-particles
#38
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Neil R Foster, Fariba Dehghani, Kiang M Charoenchaitrakoo, Barry Warwick
The feasibility of using dense gas techniques such as rapid expansion of supercritical solutions (RESS) and aerosol solvent extraction system (ASES) for micronization of pharmaceutical compounds is demonstrated. The chiral nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory racemic ibuprofen is soluble in carbon dioxide at 35 degrees C and pressures above 90 bar. The particle size decreased to less than 2 microm while the degree of crystallinity was slightly decreased when processed by RESS. The dissolution rate of the ibuprofen (a poorly water-soluble compound) was significantly enhanced after processing by RESS...
2003: AAPS PharmSci
https://read.qxmd.com/read/12866937/mechanisms-of-aggregate-formation-and-carbohydrate-excipient-stabilization-of-lyophilized-humanized-monoclonal-antibody-formulations
#39
JOURNAL ARTICLE
James D Andya, Chung C Hsu, Steven J Shire
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the mechanisms of aggregate formation and excipient stabilization in freeze-dried formulations of a recombinant humanized monoclonal antibody. Protein degradation was measured using sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS PAGE) and native size exclusion chromatography, and protein structure was studied using Fourier transform-infrared spectrometry and circular dichroism. The results showed that protein aggregates present following reconstitution were composed of native antibody structure and a reduced amount of free thiol when compared to protein monomer, which implied that intermolecular disulfides were involved in the aggregation mechanism...
2003: AAPS PharmSci
https://read.qxmd.com/read/12866936/evaluation-of-novel-particles-as-pulmonary-delivery-systems-for-insulin-in-rats
#40
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Lucila Garcia-Contreras, Tülin Morçöl, Steve J D Bell, Anthony J Hickey
The purpose of the study was to evaluate the influence of calcium phosphate (CAP) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) particles on the systemic delivery of insulin administered by the pulmonary route. Two methods of pulmonary delivery were employed: intratracheal instillation and spray instillation. Insulin-CAP-PEG particles in suspension (1.2 U/kg, 110-140 micro L) were administered to the lungs of fasted rats by intratracheal instillation (INCAPEG) or spray instillation (SINCAPEG). Control treatments consisted of insulin solution (1...
2003: AAPS PharmSci
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