Cells, Tissues, Organs

The impact of mild synovitis on the chondrogenic environment in the joint pertaining to cartilage repair is often neglected. In this study, 21 synovial samples were collected from foot surgeries, for histology and isolation of fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS). Of the 21 samples, 13 were normal and eight mild synovitis according to their synovitis scores. In mild synovitis, CD3+lymphocytes were increased in the sublining layer. When chondrocytes were cultured and treated with the conditioned medium produced by FLS, their glycosaminoglycan production was negatively correlated with the synovitis scores of the synovium, from which FLS were isolated...

Every year, hundreds of thousands of cancer patients receive radiotherapy treatment. Oxidative stress is observed in healthy tissues due to irradiation exposure. The present study is the first to address the effects of Vaccinium myrtillus (whortleberry, WB) against the effects of x-ray irradiation on retinal tissue. Twenty-four Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly allocated into 4 groups: (1) control group: rats without any treatment, (2) x-ray irradiation group: 8 Gray (Gy) RT for 2 days, (3) 100 mg WB extract + x-ray irradiation group: 8 Gy irradiation for 2 days and followed by intraperitoneal (IP) WB extract (100 mg/kg) supplementation for 10 days, (4) 200 mg WB extract + x-ray irradiation group: 8 Gy irradiation for 2 days and followed by intraperitoneal (IP) WB extract (200 mg/kg) supplementation for 10 days...

Ischemia/reperfusion (IR) induced ovarian damage is caused by various diseases such as ovarian torsion, ovarian transplantation, cardiovascular surgery, sepsis, or intra-abdominal surgery. I/R-related oxidative damage can impair ovarian functions, from oocyte maturation to fertilization. This study investigated the effects of Dexmedetomidine (DEX), which has been shown to exhibit antiapoptotic, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, on ovarian ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. We designed four study groups...

The primary cilium is a solitary, sensory organelle with many roles in bone development, maintenance, and function. In the osteogenic cell lineage, including skeletal stem cells, osteoblasts and osteocytes, the primary cilium plays a vital role in the regulation of bone formation and this has made it a promising pharmaceutical target to maintain bone health. While the role of the primary cilium in the osteogenic cell lineage has been increasingly characterized, little is known about the potential impact of targeting the cilium in relation to osteoclasts, a hematopoietic cell responsible for bone resorption...

Mouse fetuses generated by in vitro embryo culture and embryo transfer exhibit impaired lung development, altered composition of pulmonary epithelial cells associated with downregulation of several genes involved in lung development and toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathway. The aims of the present study were to determine the expression of all TLRs and to examine if the expression of TLRs, along with genes involved in TLR signaling pathway, is altered in the lung tissue of mouse fetuses generated through embryo culture and embryo transfer...

Despite their critical roles in tissue repair and pathological processes such as fibrosis, tumor invasion and metastasis, the origins of mesenchymal cells remain poorly understood. Among the likely routes, epithelial to mesenchymal transitions (EMTs) emerge as important source of these cells. EMTs manifests themselves as a phenotypic transition in terminally differentiated epithelial cells into mesenchymal cells which is closely related to embryogenesis and organ development as well as in chronically inflamed tissues and neoplasia...

Migrating cells in tissues are often known to exhibit collective swirling movements. In this paper, we develop an active vertex model with polarity dynamics based on contact inhibition of locomotion (CIL). We show that under this dynamics, the cells form steady-state vortices in velocity, polarity, and cell stress with length scales that depend on polarity alignment rate (ζ), self-motility (v0), and cell-cell bond tension (λ). When the ratio λ/v0 becomes larger, the tissue reaches a near jamming state because of the inability of the cells to exchange their neighbors, and the length scale associated with tissue kinematics increases...

Varying degrees of hydroxyapatite (HA) surface functionalization have been implicated as the primary driver of differential osteogenesis observed in infiltrating cells. The ability to reliably create spatially controlled areas of mineralization in composite engineered tissues is of growing interest in the field, and the use of HA-functionalized biomaterials may provide a robust solution to this challenge. In this study, we successfully fabricated polycaprolactone salt-leached scaffolds with two levels of a biomimetic calcium phosphate coating to examine their effects on MSC osteogenesis...

No abstract text is available yet for this article.

There are many facts about the possible role of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the development and differentiation of cells not only in nervous but also in muscle tissue. In the present study a primary culture of rat skeletal muscle myocytes was used to evaluate the correlation between the content of GABA in the cytoplasm and the processes of myocyte division and their fusion into myotubes.The effect of exogenous GABA on the processes of culture development was also estimated. Since the classical protocol for working with myocyte cultures involves the use of fetal bovine serum (FBS) to stimulate cell division (growth medium) and horse serum (HS) to activate the differentiation process (differentiation medium), the studies were carried out both in the medium with FBS and with HS...

No abstract text is available yet for this article.

Multistability is central to biological systems as it plays a crucial role in adaptation, evolvability, and differentiation. The presence of positive feedback loops can enable multistability. The simplest of such feedback loops are a) a mutual inhibition loop (MI), b) a mutual activation loop (MA), and c) self-activation, all three of them known to give rise to bistability. However, the characteristic differences in the bistability exhibited by these motifs are relatively less understood. Here, we use dynamical simulations across a large ensemble of parameter sets and initial conditions to study the bistability characteristics of these motifs...

The present study aimed to identify the effects of sugar and methods [slow freezing (SF) vs fast freezing (FF)] on post-thaw in-vitro functional characteristics of cryopreserved caprine SSCs (cSSCs) and the cells obtained from cryopreserved testis tissue of pre-pubertal Barbari bucks. For this, in experiment-1, cSSCs were isolated and cryopreserved by either SF or FF method with different nonpermeable [sugars; trehalose (140 mM; 140T or 400 mM; 400T), and sucrose (140 mM; 140S or 400 mM; 400S)] or/and permeable [5% ethylene glycol (EG) and DMSO] cryoprotectants...

Valid and relevant models are critical for research to have biological relevance or proceed in the right path. As well-established 2D cell cultures lack niches and cues and rodent models differ in species, 3D organoids emerged as a powerful platform for research. Cultured in vitro from stem cells, organoids are heterogeneous in cells and closely resemble the in vivo settings. Organoids also recapitulate the unique human features if cultured from a human source and are subject to genetic modification...

Vomeronasal organ (VNO) is a tubular pheromone sensing organ in which the lumen is covered with sensory and non-sensory epithelia. This study used immunohistochemistry and lectin histochemistry techniques to evaluate developmental changes, specifically of the glycoconjugate profile, in the horse VNO epithelium. Immunostaining analysis revealed PGP9.5 expression in some vomeronasal non-sensory epithelium (VNSE) cells and in the vomeronasal receptor cells of the vomeronasal sensory epithelium (VSE) in fetuses, young foals, and adult horses...

The past decade has witnessed significant advances in cancer immunotherapy, particularly through the adoptive transfer of engineered T cells in treating advanced leukemias and lymphomas. Despite these excitements, challenges remain with scale, cost, and ensuring quality control of engineered immune cells, including chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T, natural killer (NK) cells, and macrophages. The advent of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs), including human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), has transformed immunotherapy by providing a scalable, off-the-shelf source of any desired immune cells for basic research, translational studies, and clinical interventions...

The initiation of apical-basal (AB) polarity and the process of mitotic cell division are both characterised by the generation of specialised plasma membrane and cortical domains. These are generated using shared mechanisms, such as asymmetric protein accumulation, Rho GTPase signalling, cytoskeletal reorganisation, vesicle trafficking and asymmetric phosphoinositide distribution. In epithelial tissue, the coordination of AB polarity and mitosis in space and time is important both during initial epithelial development and to maintain tissue integrity and ensure appropriate cell differentiation at later stages...

Tumor plasticity is an emerging property of tumor cells which allows them to change their phenotype in dependence on the environment. The epithelial-mesenchymal transition plays a crucial role in helping cells to acquire a more aggressive phenotype when they are in the mesenchymal state. Herein we investigated the biophysical changes occurring during phenotypic switching in human melanoma cells considering the blebbines of the nuclei, their stiffness and the involvement of polycombs with lamins. We show that the formation of cellular heterogeneity involves many crucial nuclear changes including the interaction between different types of polycombs with lamins and chromosome accessibility...

In the stationary epithelium, the Golgi apparatus assumes an apical position, above the cell nucleus. However, during wound healing and morphogenesis, as the epithelial cells starts migrating, it relocalizes closer to the basal plane. On this plane, the position of Golgi with respect to the cell nucleus defines the organizational polarity of a migrating epithelial cell, which is crucial for an efficient collective migration. Yet, factors influencing the Golgi polarity remain elusive. Here we constructed a graph neural network-based deep learning model to systematically analyze the dependency of Golgi polarity on multiple geometric and physical factors...

Cell therapy is one of the promising approaches used against type1 diabetes. Efficient generation of Human embryonic stem cell (hESC)-derived pancreatic progenitors (PPs) is of great importance. Since signaling pathways underlying human pancreas development is not yet fully understood, various differentiation protocols are conducted each considering variable duration, timing and concentrations of growth factors and small molecules. Therefore, we compared two PP differentiation protocols in static suspension culture...