Nicotine & Tobacco Research: Official Journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco

INTRODUCTION: Harmful behavior such as smoking may reflect a disturbance in the balance of goal-directed and habitual control. Animal models suggest that habitual control develops after prolonged substance use. In this study, we investigated whether smokers (N = 49) differ from controls (N = 46) in the regulation of goal-directed and habitual behavior. It was also investigated whether individual differences in nicotine dependence levels were associated with habitual responding. METHODS: We used two different multistage instrumental learning tasks that consist of an instrumental learning phase, subsequent outcome devaluation, and a testing phase to measure the balance between goal-directed and habitual responding...

INTRODUCTION: Adults with mental health conditions (MHCs) smoke at higher rates, are more nicotine dependent, and have more trouble quitting smoking than those without MHCs. About half of smokers who call state-funded quitlines report MHCs, and those with such conditions have cessation rates 8-10% lower than those without MHCs. This paper describes a clinical pilot of a tailored protocol for quitline callers with MHCs. METHODS: Callers to the Texas Tobacco Quit Line (TXQL) who self-reported MHCs were offered a tailored quitline program, offering up to 12 weeks of combination nicotine replacement (nicotine patch plus gum or lozenge) and seven counseling calls...

No abstract text is available yet for this article.

INTRODUCTION: The study purpose was to examine the association between electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) use and smoking cessation among United States (US) adults. Duration of smoking cessation was taken into consideration since e-cigarette awareness and use were low in the US before 2010. METHODS: Pooled analysis of the 2016 and 2017 National Health Interview Surveys on current (N=9935) and former smokers (N=14754) was performed. Adjusted prevalence ratios (aPRs), adjusted for sociodemographic factors, were calculated...

Introduction: Immigrants in the United States are less likely to smoke than those born in the U.S, but studies have not fully described the diversity of their smoking patterns. We investigate smoking by world region of birth and duration of residence in the United States, with a comprehensive approach covering current prevalence levels, education gradients, and male-to-female ratios. Methods: The data originate from the National Health Interview Surveys, 2000-2015, and the sample of 365,404 includes both U...

Introduction: Periodic population surveys of smoking behaviour can inform development of effective tobacco control strategies. We investigated smoking patterns, cessation and knowledge about smoking hazards in China. Methods: A nationally representative cross-sectional survey recruited 176,318 people aged ≥18 years across 31 provinces of China in 2013-14, using multi-stage stratified cluster sampling methods. The smoking patterns, cessation and knowledge about smoking hazards were analysed, overall and in population subgroups, adjusting for sample selection weight and post-stratification factors...

Introduction: American Spirit cigarettes feature American Indian/Alaska Native (AI/AN) imagery in the branding, are marketed as environmentally friendly, without additives, and four varieties contain organic tobacco. This study is the first to examine retail price of American Spirit relative to other cigarette brands and to assess how its price varies by neighborhood demography. Methods: In a random sample of licensed tobacco retailers (n=1277), trained data collectors recorded availability and price of American Spirit, Pall Mall, Newport, Marlboro and the cheapest cigarettes regardless of brand...

Introduction: Limited research exists about the possible cardiovascular effects of electronic nicotine delivery devices (ENDS). We therefore sought to compare exposure to known or potentially cardio-toxic volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in ENDS users, smokers, and dual users. Methods: 371 individuals from the Cardiovascular Injury due to Tobacco Use study, a cross-sectional study of healthy participants aged 21-45 years were categorized as non-users of tobacco (n=87), sole ENDS users (n=17), cigarette smokers (n=237) and dual users (n=30) based on 30-day self-reported tobacco product use patterns...

Introduction: One of the most preferable flavors in oral nicotine delivery systems is menthol which masks the harshness of tobacco. However, possible interactions between oral menthol and nicotine on intake and preference remain unclear. Therefore, we aimed to determine the impact of menthol on oral nicotine consumption. Methods: Adult Sprague Dawley female and male rats (n=8/per group) were given a choice of water or drug solution by using two-bottle free choice paradigm for two weeks: vehicle (5% ethanol), nicotine (20 mg/l), menthol (1 g/l) and mentholated nicotine groups...

Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted with 822 male current smokers in Da Nang, Vietnam. A structured questionnaire was adapted from the International Tobacco Control (ITC) project survey. Bayesian quantile regression was applied to predict factors associated with expected cigarette price. Results: Fifty-six percent of smokers suggested a price to quit. Their median suggested price to quit per pack, 62,000 VND ($2.8 USD), was 2.8 times higher than the actual current price, 22,000 VND ($1...

Introduction: Despite regulations that forbid cigarette packages from displaying messages such as "mild," "low-tar," and "light," many smokers still have misperceptions about "light" or "low tar" cigarettes. One reason may be that tar amount displays continue to be permitted. This study examines whether removing tar delivery information from packaging reduces consumer misperceptions about "low tar" cigarettes. Methods: An online experiment was conducted in South Korea among 531 smokers who were randomly assigned to one of two conditions: with and without tar information on cigarette packages...

SIGNIFICANCE: U.S. smokers of Natural American Spirit, a brand marketed as "organic" and "additive-free," are more likely than other cigarette smokers to believe that their brand might be less harmful than other brands. This paper: 1) describes the prevalence of belief that "organic" and "additive-free" tobacco is less harmful than regular tobacco products in the U.S. population; and, 2) describes the sociodemographic characteristics of adults who believe tobacco products with these descriptors are less harmful...

Introduction: The Tobacco Heating System (THS) is a "heat-not-burn" tobacco product designed to generate significantly lower levels of harmful and potentially harmful constituents (HPHC) and present lower risk of harm than cigarettes. This study assessed the exposure reduction to selected HPHC in smokers switching to menthol THS (mTHS) 2.2 compared with smokers continuing smoking menthol cigarettes (mCC) and smoking abstinence (SA) for five days in a confined setting, followed by an 86-day ambulatory period...

Introduction: The burden of disease associated with tobacco use has prompted a substantial increase in tobacco-related research, but the breadth of this literature has not been comprehensively examined. This review examines the nature of the research addressing the action areas in World Health Organization's Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC), the populations targeted and how equity-related concepts are integrated. Method: A scoping review of published reviews addressing tobacco control within the primary prevention domain...

Introduction: Electronic cigarette (ECIG) use and changes in cigarette smoking status may be influenced by self-reported reasons for using ECIGs. Methods: We analyzed adult current and former cigarette smokers who were also current or former ECIG users at Wave 1 (n=3044) using Wave 1 and Wave 2 Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health Study data (2013-2015). Prevalence of reporting 13 reasons for ECIG use at Wave 1 was examined and weighted logistic regressions were conducted predicting smoking status changes from Wave 1 to Wave 2...

No abstract text is available yet for this article.

Introduction: Recent research has highlighted disparities in people who perceive as trustworthy sources of e-cigarette health information. Research has yet to examine if trusting a particular source of information is associated with use of e-cigarettes or perceptions of e-cigarette harm. We use a nationally representative survey of American adults to address these gaps in knowledge. Methods: This study used data from the Health Information National Trends Survey (N = 3738)...

Introduction: In line with the European Union's Tobacco Products Directive (TPD), new regulations for e-cigarettes implemented in the UK between May 2016 and May 2017 included limiting refills to 10ml, tanks/cartridges to 2ml and nicotine concentrations to 20mg/ml. Aims: To investigate: 1) awareness of new regulations; 2) product use before and after implementation; 3) association between use of compliant products and subsequent smoking. Methods: UK online longitudinal survey of smokers, ex-smokers and vapers, May/June 2016 (wave 4) and September 2017 (wave 5)...

Introduction: The narrative of prosperous economic livelihood of tobacco farmers in Kenya as alleged by the tobacco industry deserves challenge as evidence increasingly suggests that smallholder tobacco farmers are making little or no profits. Article 17 of the World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (WHO FCTC) encourages viable alternative livelihoods for tobacco farmers. There is little evidence, however, on how tobacco farmers make livelihood choice decisions...

Despite health risks associated with smoking, up to 20% of the US population persist in this behavior; many smoke to control body weight or appetite, and fear of post-cessation weight gain can motivate continued smoking. Nicotine and tobacco use is associated with lower body weight, and cessation yields an average weight gain of about 4 kgs, which is thought to reflect a return to the body weight of a typical non-smoker. Nicotine replacement therapies can delay this weight gain, but do not prevent it altogether, and the underlying mechanism for how nicotine is able to reduce weight is not fully understood...