Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Different forms of caloric restriction for patients with cancer are widely advertised in lay circles, based mainly on promising preclinical experiments, while evidence from clinical trials is still preliminary. This review aims to present physiological responses to fasting and update knowledge on recently accumulated evidence from preclinical models and clinical trials. RECENT FINDINGS: Like other mild stressors, caloric restriction induces hormetic changes in healthy cells, which increase the tolerance to subsequent more severe stressors...

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The prevalence of obesity has exponentially increased during the past years. The assessment of human adipose tissue distribution enables the identification of diverse ectopic adipose tissue depots, and helps to explain its relationship with cardiovascular health status. In this review, we summarize the current methods used in the assessment of human adipose tissue distribution, and we discuss the relationship between ectopic adipose tissue distribution and the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases and metabolic complications...

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Cachexia is a complex, multifactorial syndrome primarily characterized by weight loss, muscle wasting, anorexia, and systemic inflammation. It is prevalent in cancer patients and is associated with a poor prognosis, including lower resistance to intervention toxicity, quality of life, and survival, compared to patients without the syndrome. The gut microbiota and its metabolites have been shown to influence host metabolism and immune response. Our article reviews the current evidence suggesting a role of gut microbiota in the development and progression of cachexia, while discussing the potential mechanisms involved...

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Enteral feeding is the main route of administration of medical nutritional therapy in the critically ill. However, its failure is associated with increased complications. Machine learning and artificial intelligence have been used in intensive care to predict complications. The aim of this review is to explore the ability of machine learning to support decision making to ensure successful nutritional therapy. RECENT FINDINGS: Numerous conditions such as sepsis, acute kidney injury or indication for mechanical ventilation can be predicted using machine learning...

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: There is a large inter-individual variability in the magnitude of body weight change that cannot be fully explained by differences in daily energy intake and physical activity levels and that can be attributed to differences in energy metabolism. Measuring the short-term metabolic response to acute changes in energy intake can better uncover this inter-individual variability and quantify the degree of metabolic thriftiness that characterizes an individual's susceptibility to weight gain and resistance to weight loss...

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: To describe recent advances on nonceliac gluten sensitivity (NCGS), a recently described disorder characterized by variable symptoms and frequent irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)-like manifestations. RECENT FINDINGS: The recent description of disease-triggering wheat components other than gluten, such as fructans and amylase-trypsin inhibitors (ATIs), definitely suggests that nonceliac wheat sensitivity (NCWS) is a better 'umbrella' terminology than NCGS...

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: This review provides an overview of most recent research studies employing nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-based metabolomics in the assessment of effects of diet and food ingestion. RECENT FINDINGS: NMR metabolomics is a useful tool in the elucidation of specific diets, for example, the Mediterranean diet, the New Nordic diet types, and also for comparing vegan, vegetarian and omnivore diets where specific diet-linked metabolite perturbations have been identified...

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No abstract text is available yet for this article.

No abstract text is available yet for this article.

No abstract text is available yet for this article.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: This review presents details about types of ketogenic diet (KD), anticancer mechanisms, and the use of KD in experimental and clinical studies. Studies summarized in this review provide a solid ground for researchers to consider the use of KD to augment conventional treatments. RECENT FINDINGS: KD is a dietary pattern composed of high fat, moderate proteins, and very-low-carbohydrate. This diet was suggested to have an anticancer effect and to augment conventional anticancer therapies...

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Lifestyle intervention is considered a cornerstone in chronic kidney disease management and has been recommended in different international or regional clinical practice guidelines in chronic kidney disease. However, evidence was largely based on the general population. Here we summarized the latest evidence supporting lifestyle intervention in chronic kidney disease. RECENT FINDINGS: Both observational cohort studies as well as randomized controlled trials have demonstrated health benefits with more physical activity in chronic kidney disease...

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Cancer cachexia results in the death of approximately 2 million people worldwide annually. Despite the impact of this devastating condition, there is limited therapy and no standard of care. Although multiple definitions exist, confusion remains as a true understanding of the biology has not yet been achieved and distinct phases of cachexia have not been examined. Research has mainly focused on weight loss and muscle wasting, but cachexia is increasingly recognized as a multiorgan disorder involving adipose tissue, liver, brain, gut and heart, with systemic inflammation a central unifying feature...

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The aim of this study was to introduce novel metrics of dietary carbohydrates quality relevant for products and diets. RECENT FINDINGS: Carbohydrate quality has long been associated with a low glycemic index. More recently, novel metrics of carbohydrate quality featuring variations of total carbohydrates-fibers-free sugars ratios have been applied to carbohydrate-rich foods, including grains, beans, vegetables, and fruit. High scoring products had higher levels of health-promoting nutrients (protein, dietary fiber, iron, magnesium, zinc, potassium, selenium, and various B-vitamins) and lower levels of nutrients of public health concern (total sugar, added/free sugars, and fat profile)...

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Marked inter-individual differences in the clinical manifestation of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has initiated studies in the field of genetics. This review evaluates recent genetic evidence (predominantly in the last 18 months) related to micronutrients (vitamins and trace elements) and COVID-19. RECENT FINDINGS: In patients infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), altered circulating levels of micronutrients may serve as prognostic markers of disease severity...

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The ketogenic diet has been proposed as a nutritional strategy in sports. This review was undertaken to provide an overview of the recent literature concerning the effects of ketogenic diet on exercise performance and training adaptations. RECENT FINDINGS: Most recent literature on the ketogenic diet and exercise performance showed no beneficial effects, especially for trained individuals. During a period of intensified training, performance was clearly impaired during the ketogenic intervention, while a diet with high carbohydrates maintained physical performance...

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Heart failure is one of the major causes of death worldwide and continues to increase despite therapeutics and pharmacology advances. Fatty acids and glucose are used as ATP-producing fuels in heart to meet its energy demands. However, dysregulation of metabolites' use plays a pivotal role in cardiac diseases. How glucose becomes toxic or drives cardiac dysfunction is incompletely understood. In the present review, we summarize the recent findings on cardiac cellular and molecular events that are driven by glucose during pathologic conditions and potential therapeutic strategies to tackle hyperglycemia-mediated cardiac dysfunction...

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Exercise and diet are among the most studied behaviors that can affect blood glucose concentrations. Despite multiple studies examining these interventions in different populations and contexts, inconsistencies across studies have led to variable expectations. The purpose of this review is to more specifically examine how the timing of when exercise is performed in relation to meals can modify changes in glucose concentrations or insulin sensitivity. When possible, studies in type 2 diabetes are emphasized, but recent research in type 1 diabetes, obesity, and athletes is also considered...

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Highlight contemporary evidence examining the effects of carbohydrate restriction on the intracellular regulation of muscle mass and anaerobic performance. RECENT FINDINGS: Low carbohydrate diets increase fat oxidation and decrease fat mass. Emerging evidence suggests that dietary carbohydrate restriction increases protein oxidation, thereby limiting essential amino acid availability necessary to stimulate optimal muscle protein synthesis and promote muscle recovery...