Journal of Psychotherapy Practice and Research

This article focuses on two components of psychodynamic psychotherapy with suicidal patients. First, the value and importance of establishing and maintaining a clearly defined therapeutic alliance is noted and explored. A carefully negotiated alliance can become an edge or boundary across which the survival of the therapy, as well as the patient, can be negotiated. Attention to the vicissitudes of the alliance is hypothesized to be the central initial therapeutic action with suicidal patients. Second, the author explores the importance of "taking" rather than "refusing" the transferences offered by the suicidal patient, particularly negative and erotic transferences...

The predictive validity of instruments commonly used to measure the therapeutic alliance was evaluated, using 46 sessions drawn from a clinical trial comparing manual-guided therapies for substance use. The California Psychotherapy Alliance Scale, Penn Helping Alliance Rating Scale, Vanderbilt Therapeutic Alliance Scale, and Working Alliance Inventory (Observer, Therapist, and Client versions) were rated for participants receiving either cognitive-behavioral therapy or twelve-step facilitation. All observer-rated instruments were significantly correlated with outcome; however, therapist-rated and client-rated instruments did not predict outcome...

The authors report on the development of a manual for treating adolescents with anorexia nervosa modeled on a family-based intervention originating at the Maudsley Hospital in London. The manual provides the first detailed account of a clinical approach shown to be consistently efficacious in randomized clinical trials for this disorder. Manualized family therapy appears to be acceptable to therapists, patients, and families. Preliminary outcomes are comparable to what would be expected in clinically supervised sessions...

The authors introduce and define ethnocultural allodynia as an abnormally increased sensitivity to relatively innocuous or neutral stimuli resulting from previous exposure to painful culturally based situations. Ethnocultural, gender-specific, and cognitive-behavioral techniques are used in clinical vignettes to illustrate the pervasive ethnic, racial, and gender effects of ethnocultural allodynia in the lives of people of color. Therapy components for the treatment of ethnocultural allodynia are described, including psychoeducation regarding racism and its sequelae, racial socialization, inoculation, and racial stress management...

This is a complete report of an open trial of manualized psychodynamic psychotherapy for treatment of panic disorder, Panic-Focused Psychodynamic Psychotherapy (PFPP). Twenty-one patients with PD were entered into a trial of twice-weekly, 24-session treatment. Sixteen of 21 experienced remission of panic and agoraphobia. Treatment completers with depression also experienced remission of depression. Improvements in symptoms and in quality of life were substantial and consistent across all measured areas. Symptomatic gains were maintained over 6 months...

Interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT) has demonstrated efficacy in protecting against a recurrence of major depression in elderly subjects when used alone on a monthly basis and when combined with antidepressant medication. The authors summarize their experience using IPT over the past 10 years and discuss a variety of treatment correlates. In addition, preliminary results using IPT combined with paroxetine in depressed elders reveals no difference in remission rates between cognitively intact and cognitively impaired depressed elders...

The dream is a unique psychodynamically informative instrument for evaluating the subjective correlates of brain activity during REM sleep. These include feelings, percepts, memories, wishes, fantasies, impulses, conflicts, and defenses, as well as images of self and others. Dream analysis can be used in a variety of clinical settings to assist in diagnostic assessment, psychodynamic formulation, evaluation of clinical change, and the management of medically ill patients. Dreams may serve as the initial indicators of transference, resistance, impending crisis, acting-out, conflict resolution, and decision-making...

The therapist conducting psychodynamic psychotherapy often recommends medication for the patient, but the medication is frequently treated as separate from the therapy and not worth exploring. By not inviting the patient's and our own feelings about medication into the treatment dialogue, we may solicit the development of split transference, the loss of important unconscious material, and noncompliance. Much like a patient's dream life, the medication life is rich in detail that may be fruitfully used to gain information about the patient's experience, strengthen the alliance, and improve treatment outcome...

Therapist characteristics were explored as possible predictors of working alliance, rated early and later in therapy both by therapists (n=59) and patients (n=270) in an ongoing multisite project on process and outcome of psychotherapy. Patients and therapists had divergent perspectives on the working alliance. Therapists' experience, training, skill, and progress as therapists did not have any significant impact on alliance as rated by patients. Training and skill were positively related to alliance as rated by therapists...

A new international standard of editorial policy calls for written informed consent by the subject of every case report. Although this appears to be ethically appealing, the authors posit that in some situations, requesting informed consent may be unethical, can harm patients, and may erode the use of case reports as a valuable teaching method in psychiatry and psychotherapy. The authors discuss concerns regarding this new policy for mental health publication based on issues of transference, countertransference, best interest of the patient, and practicality...

The need for suffering patients to reexamine their assumptions about life presents therapists with unique challenges and opportunities. Patients with a religious world view often struggle with whether God cares about, or has sent, their pain. Atheistic patients also search for the meaning in their lives but reject the answers offered by traditional authorities. Patients who are uncertain or ambivalent about their world view may challenge a therapist to provide an audience, insight, or direction. Using case examples, the author explores the therapist's role in helping patients with differing world views to integrate their suffering...

Psychotherapy for comorbid attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and psychoactive substance use disorder (PSUD) is described. The authors suggest that relapse prevention is an appropriate initial treatment because it is well suited to manage both substance abuse and comorbid symptomatology such as impulsivity, distractibility, and avoidance associated with ADHD. Clinical vignettes describe typical interactions between patients and their therapists, highlighting opportunities for therapists to focus on overlapping symptoms...

Studies of the therapeutic alliance in cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) have varied in their results, necessitating a deeper understanding of this construct. Through an exploratory factor analysis of the alliance in CBT, as measured by the Working Alliance Inventory (shortened, observer-rated version), the authors found a two-factor structure of alliance that challenges the commonly accepted one general factor of alliance. The results suggest that the relationship between therapist and client (Relationship) may be largely independent of the client's agreement with and confidence in the therapist and CBT (Agreement/ Confidence), necessitating independent measures of these two factors, not one measure of a general alliance factor...

Therapists of different persuasions use various techniques. Although many of these techniques are specific to their theory of treatment, others are practiced in common among different forms of psychotherapy. Many of these common techniques have been previously described, but supportive techniques have been largely ignored. The authors distinguish between the use of supportive techniques and the therapeutic alliance. Using Luborsky's definition of supportive techniques, they examine the empirical literature on the use of these supportive techniques in various therapies...

This preliminary study examined how patients' defense mechanisms and psychotherapists' techniques influence early alliance formation. The authors assessed the relationships among defense mechanisms, therapist interventions, and the development of alliance in a sample of 12 patients undergoing Brief Psychodynamic Investigation (4 sessions). Alliance development occurred rapidly and was clearly established by the third session. Neither defensive functioning nor supportive or exploratory interventions alone differentiated early alliance development...

This study examined the extent to which improvement from baseline to weeks 2, 3, and 4 on the Beck Depression Inventory and Beck Anxiety Inventory predict week 16 clinical remission for patients with major depressive disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, and/or obsessive-compulsive or avoidant personality disorders who were receiving manual-based psychotherapies. Logistic regression and receiver-operator characteristic analyses revealed relatively accurate identification of remitters and nonremitters based on improvement from baseline to sessions 2 to 4 in both original and cross-validation samples...

No abstract text is available yet for this article.

Interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT) has demonstrated efficacy in the individual treatment of antepartum and postpartum depression. The current investigation extends prior work by examining the efficacy of a group IPT approach for the treatment of postpartum depression. Depression scores of 17 women diagnosed with postpartum depressive disorder (DSM-IV criteria) decreased significantly from pre- to post-treatment. Follow-up assessments at 6 months revealed continuation of the treatment effect. Results indicate that IPT adapted for a group model has positive implications for the treatment of postpartum depression, demonstrating both short-term and longer-term effects in the reduction of depressive symptomatology...

The authors compared the outcomes of 35 outpatients with dysthymic disorder randomized to receive either treatment with moclobemide and interpersonal therapy (IPT) or moclobemide and routine clinical management. Diagnosis was based on the ICD-10 symptom checklist. Patients were evaluated by trained raters using the 17-item Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (Ham-D), Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS), Global Assessment of Functioning, and Quality of Life and Satisfaction Questionnaire at baseline, 12, 24, and 48 weeks...

The author addressed the question of consistency in psychotherapists' countertransference feelings. Research findings have indicated that the therapist's own personal feeling style may be more important than the patient's impact on the therapist's feelings. In this study, the feelings of 9 psychotherapists toward 28 patients were followed by using checklist self-report after each session during moderately long psychotherapies. ANOVAs and discriminant analyses showed that the therapists were very consistent in their feeling style over different patients and over time...