Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America

No abstract text is available yet for this article.

No abstract text is available yet for this article.

The prevalence of diabetic retinopathy is steadily increasing as the population of patients with diabetes grows. In the past decade, the development of anti-VEGF agents has dramatically changed the treatment landscape for diabetic retinopathy and diabetic macular edema (DME). Newer agents in development aim to reduce the treatment burden of diabetic retinopathy.

Long-term remission of type 2 diabetes following lifestyle intervention or pharmacotherapy, even in patients with mild disease, is rare. Long-term remission following metabolic surgery however, is common and occurs in 23% to 98% depending on disease severity and type of surgery. Remission after surgery is associated with excellent glycemic control without reliance on pharmacotherapy, improvements in quality of life, and major reductions in microvascular and macrovascular complications. For patients with type 2 diabetes, early intervention with metabolic surgery, when beta cell function still remains intact, provides the greatest probability of long-term remission as high as 90% or more...

Bariatric surgery improves glucose homeostasis and glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes. Over the past 20 years, a breadth of studies has been conducted in humans and rodents aimed to identify the regulatory nodes responsible for surgical remission of type 2 diabetes. The review herein discusses central mechanisms of type 2 diabetes remission associated with weight loss and surgical modification of the gastrointestinal tract.

Type 2 diabetes is characterized by progressive decline in pancreatic β-cell function. Newer agents, such as glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1RA) and dual incretin agonists, can augment β-cell function and delay the need for additional antihyperglycemics. However, the effect on β-cell function ceases after stopping the medications. When combined with intensive lifestyle modifications, higher doses of GLP-1RA than those used for diabetes treatment can be used to induce weight loss...

Type 2 diabetes is characterized by progressive decline in pancreatic β-cell function. Studies in adult subjects with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes have reported that intensive insulin therapy followed by various antihyperglycemic medications can delay β-cell decline. However, this improvement is lost after cessation of therapy. In contrast, youth with type 2 diabetes experience a more rapid loss in β-cell function compared with adults and have loss of β-cell function despite being on insulin and other antihyperglycemic medications...

To date, people living with type 1 diabetes depend on external subcutaneous insulin while waiting for a cure, or a feasible method to preserve, replace, and generate fully functioning β cells that secrete appropriate insulin in response to glucose. Current work includes evaluating renewable sources of β cells, transplantation methods without immunosuppressives, and methods to preserve β-cell function. Such methods include β-cell encapsulation, scaffolding, immune modulation, gene editing, and disease-modifying therapies...

Type 1 diabetes is a chronic autoimmune disorder that results in destruction of insulin-producing cells in the pancreas. The autoimmune process is thought to be waxing and waning resulting in variable endogenous insulin secretion ability. An example of this is the honeymoon phase or partial remission phase of type 1 diabetes, during which optimal control of blood glucoses can be maintained with significantly reduced exogenous insulin, and occasionally exogenous insulin can be temporarily discontinued altogether...

Heterogeneous forms of Ketosis-prone diabetes (KPD) are characterized by patients who present with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) but lack the typical features and biomarkers of autoimmune T1D. The A-β+ subgroup of KPD provides unique insight into the concept of "remission" since these patients have substantial preservation of beta-cell function permitting the discontinuation of insulin therapy, despite initial presentation with DKA. Measurements of C-peptide levels are essential to predict remission and guide potential insulin withdrawal...

Management of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is crucial for type 2 diabetes (T2D) remission because they are linked through the common pathophysiology of insulin resistance and lipotoxicity. One in three patients with T2D has nonalcoholic steatohepatitis leading to fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Noninvasive testing with imaging and/or serum biomarkers can assess the risk for advanced liver disease. A liver biopsy is only necessary in select patients where there is diagnostic doubt...

Patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) are at an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), which constitutes the most common cause of morbidity and mortality in these patients. Intensive CVD risk factor control can ameliorate the elevated CVD associated with T2D. In this review, we provide an overview of CVD risk factor control, including traditional (blood pressure, glycemia, lipid, thrombosis, and lifestyle modifications) and nontraditional (social and environmental determinants of health) in patients with T2D, including evidence on management and outcomes...

Obesity and its association with metabolic syndrome are implicated in many disease states. Research has focused on the role of diet and lifestyle modifications in the evolution of prediabetes to diabetes seeking ways to intervene and improve outcomes. Proven nutritional include leaner proteins, an abundance of vegetables, extra-virgin olive oil, and controlled portioning of carbs and starches. The transition from a sedentary state to an exercise routine of moderate intensity has shown efficacy in lowering metabolic risks...

Lower extremity ulcerations are very common in patients with diabetes. These wounds lead to amputation in a surprisingly large percentage of patients with diabetes. The mortality rate following amputation in a patient with diabetes is alarmingly high. Preventive treatment is pivotal to avoid the numerous complications associated with diabetic ulcerations. However, at the onset of ulceration, early treatment under the supervision and guidance of a specialist can result in remission. Diabetic peripheral neuropathy is also a life-altering and debilitating disease...

Diabetic kidney disease has been a leading cause for end-stage kidney disease. Traditional methods to slow progression include tight glycemic control, blood pressure control, and use of renin-angiotensin axis inhibitors. Finerenone and sodium glucose co-transporters have shown proven benefit in diabetic kidney disease regression recently. Other potential targets for slowing the decline in diabetic kidney disease are transforming growth factor beta, endothelin antagonist, protein kinase C inhibitors, advanced glycation end product inhibition, Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription pathway inhibition, phosphodiesterase 3 or 5 inhibitors, and Rho kinase inhibitor...

The individual and societal burdens of living with a chronic disease are a global issue. Diabetes directly increases health care costs to manage the disease and the associated complications and indirectly increases the economic burden through long-term complications that hinder the productivity of humans worldwide. Thus, it is crucial to have accurate information on diabetes-related costs and the geographic and global economic impact when planning interventions and future strategies. Health care systems must work with government agencies to plan national-level pre diabetes and diabetes strategies and policies...

No abstract text is available yet for this article.

No abstract text is available yet for this article.

Quality of life is impaired in primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT), regardless of the severity of the disease. Clinical studies have employed different instruments, including standardized and disease-specific questionnaires, and including patients with different phenotypes of PHPT. Neuropsychiatric symptoms and decline in cognitive status are common in PHPT. Patients may complain of these issues or they can be ascertained by questionnaires; they include depression, anxiety, impaired vitality, social and emotional functions, sleep disturbances, and altered mental function...

Some women experience bothersome symptoms around the time of menopause that may have a negative impact on their quality of life and prompt them to seek treatments. Menopausal hormone therapy was historically the treatment of choice. However, medical contraindications and personal preference for nonhormonal therapy have prompted the evaluation of a range of nonhormonal pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic therapies. This review provides an update focusing on the latest evidence-based approach for the management of bothersome symptoms of menopause...