Gastroenterology Clinics of North America

No abstract text is available yet for this article.

No abstract text is available yet for this article.

Health care transition from pediatric to adult care has been identified as a priority in the field of medicine, especially for those with chronic illnesses such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Although there is no universally accepted model of preparing the pediatric patient for transfer to adult care, transition care is best accomplished in a structured and consistent manner. The authors highlight concepts for optimizing the transition of care for patients with IBD, which include setting expectations throughout adolescence with the gradual nurturing of self-management skills, preparing and assessing of readiness for transfer, and enacting a successful transfer to adult care...

Patients with pediatric inflammatory bowel disease (pIBD) are at an increased risk for complications and comorbidities including infection, nutritional deficiencies, growth delay, bone disease, eye disease, malignancy, and psychologic disorders. Preventative health maintenance and monitoring is an important part to caring for patients with pIBD. Although practice is variable and published study within pIBD is limited, this article summarizes the important field of health-care maintenance in pIBD. A multidisciplinary approach, including the gastroenterologist provider, primary care provider, social worker, psychologist, as well as other subspecialists is necessary...

Transition from pediatric to adult health care is a complex process that calls for complex interventions and collaboration between health care teams and families. However, many inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) clinical care teams do not have the resources to implement rigorous transition programs for youth. This review provides a description of the Resilience5: self-efficacy, disease acceptance, self-regulation, optimism, and social support. The Resilience5 represents teachable skills to support IBD self-management, offset disease interfering behaviors, and build resilience in adolescents and young adults transitioning to adult health care systems...

The gap between available biologic and small molecule therapy for inflammatory bowel disease for children and adults remains large. At present only 2 anti-TNF agents are licensed for pediatric use compared with multiple other agents with different mechanisms of action being used in adults. The reasons are many but largely revolve around the inadequate acceptance of adult efficacy data to children, and the reluctance of industry to commit to early pediatric drug development for fear of inadequate return on investment...

Surgery for children and adolescents with IBD is often thought of as a combination of a failure of medical management and the only option for the severe complications of the disease such as uncontrolled GI bleeding, perforation, fistulae, sepsis, and bowel obstruction. However, in CD, surgery can sometimes be an appropriate option to control disease progression, improve symptoms, allow children to get back on the growth curve, and avoid the toxicities of prolonged use of steroids. In UC, the decision to operate is theoretically curative but the long-term options mandate either intestinal continuity with an ileal pouch or a lifelong ileostomy, both of which can have significant impacts in patients' quality of life...

The pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) involves a complex interaction between genetics, immune response, and the environment. Epidemiologic associations between diet and development of IBD plus the ability of diet to modify the microbiota and modulate immune function have led to the hypothesis that diet can prevent and/or treat IBD. It is well established that the induction of remission and healing of the mucosa in Crohn's disease can be accomplished with exclusive enteral nutrition. Whole food-based alternatives such as the Crohn's disease exclusion diet have shown promising results...

The use of biologic therapies has changed the treatment landscape for children with inflammatory bowel disease. While the novel biologics have improved clinical outcomes, there remains a significant gap in achieving endoscopic remission, prolonged steroid-free remission, and drug durability. Contributing to this gap is the paucity of real-world pharmacokinetic studies in children and a failure to dose optimize therapy during induction. Emerging data from a pediatric clinical trial and several observational studies have shown that the combination of proactive therapeutic drug monitoring and achievement of early therapeutic concentrations is effective in achieving improved outcomes...

Therapeutic options for the treatment of pediatric inflammatory bowel disease include aminosalicylates, enteral nutrition, corticosteroids, immunomodulators, biologics, and emerging small molecule agents. Infectious risk due to systemic immunosuppression should be mitigated by appropriate screening before therapy initiation. Rare but serious malignancies have been associated with thiopurine use alone and in combination with anti-tumor necrosis factor agents, often in the setting of a primary Epstein-Barr virus infection...

Despite the enlarging therapeutic armamentarium, IBD is still plagued by a therapeutic ceiling. Precision medicine, with the selection of the "rights," may present a solution, and this review will discuss the critical process of pairing the right patient with right therapy at the right time. Firstly, the review will discuss the shift to and evidence behind early effective therapy. Then, it delves into promising future strategies of patient profiling to identify a patients' biological pathway(s) and prognosis...

Effectiveness of limited available therapies for pediatric inflammatory bowel disease has reached stagnation. Previous non-invasive monitoring strategies have relied upon cumbersome tools to evaluate clinical symptoms and biochemical markers that do not reflect endoscopic activity or respond quickly to treatments. Novel, patient-centric, and highly accurate, monitoring strategies with a focus on intestinal ultrasound for a direct, precise monitoring of activity to achieve disease modification are now possible...

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including subtypes Crohn disease and ulcerative colitis is a chronic inflammatory disorder most often diagnosed in young adulthood. The incidence and prevalence of pediatric-onset IBD is increasing globally. IBD is likely caused by an interplay of multiple environmental factors resulting in a dysregulated mucosal response to the commensal intestinal microbiota in genetically predisposed individuals. This article provides an overview of pediatric IBD epidemiology and environmental risk factors associated with its development, such as the Hygiene Hypothesis, air pollution, greenspace and blue space, neonatal factors, antibiotics, and diet...

No abstract text is available yet for this article.

Nutrition policies can work with clinical treatments to address the obesity epidemic. The United States has passed beverage taxes at the local level and calorie labeling mandates at the federal level to encourage healthier consumption. Nutritional changes to federal nutrition programs have been either implemented or suggested; evidence shows that the changes that have been implemented have resulted in improvements in diet quality and are cost-effective in decreasing the increase in obesity prevalence. A comprehensive policy agenda that addresses risk of obesity on multiple levels of the food supply will have meaningful long-term effects on obesity prevalence...

The Federal Drug Administration has approved, following rigorous testing, 6 pharmacologic agents and one drug in device form for the management of overweight and obesity. Myriad products that purport to act on physiological mechanisms leading to weight loss also pervade the market with minimal regulatory oversight. Systematic reviews and meta-analyses of these products and their ingredients fail to establish any as meaningfully effective at the clinical level. Moreover, safety concerns prevail with adulteration, hypersensitivity reactions, and recognized adverse reactions...

Obesity in the pediatric population is increasing in the United States and globally. Childhood obesity is associated with cardiometabolic and psychosocial comorbidities and decreased overall life span. The cause of pediatric obesity is multifactorial and includes genetic predisposition, lifestyle, behavioral patterns, and consequences of social determinants of health. Routine screening of BMI and comorbid conditions is essential to identifying patients who require treatment. The AAP recommends immediate Intensive Health Behavior and Lifestyle Treatment for children with obesity, encompassing lifestyle changes, behavioral changes, and mental health treatments...

Obesity is a chronic disease and a significant public health threat predicated on complex genetic, psychological, and environmental factors. Individuals with higher body mass index are more likely to avoid health care due to weight stigma. Disparities in obesity care disproportionately impact racial and ethnic minorities. In addition to this unequal disease burden, access to obesity treatment varies significantly. Even if treatment options are theoretically productive, they may be more difficult for low-income families, and racial and ethnic minorities to implement in practice secondary to socioeconomic factors...

Weight stigma is prevalent with negative consequences for health and well-being. This problem is present in health care; stigmatizing attitudes toward patients with obesity are expressed by medical professionals across diverse specialties and patient care settings. This article summarizes the ways in which weight stigma creates barriers to effective care, including poor patient-provider communication, reduced quality of care, and healthcare avoidance. Priorities for stigma reduction in healthcare are discussed, with a clear need for multifaceted approaches and inclusion of people with obesity whose perspectives can inform strategies to effectively remove bias-related barriers to patient care...

Obesity exerts both direct and indirect effects on gastrointestinal function. From physical effects of central adiposity on intragastric pressure resulting in higher incidence of reflux to dyslipidemia and effects on gallstone disease, the gastrointestinal manifestations of obesity are wide-ranging. Of particular emphasis is the identification and management of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease including non-invasive assessment and lifestyle and pharmacologic interventions for patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis...