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BioEssays : News and Reviews in Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology

https://read.qxmd.com/read/38537114/should-research-administrators-be-regulated-as-carefully-as-researchers
#1
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Jason Scott Robert
This essay assesses the rationale for regulating research administrators as carefully as they regulate researchers. The reasons for such regulation are identical: protecting scientific integrity, ensuring responsible use of public funds, addressing the lack of effective recourse for victims, creating negative consequences for misbehaving actors, and addressing high incentives for misconduct. Whereas the reasons compelling us to regulate research administrators are obvious, counterarguments to administrative oversight are based on suggestions that the incidence and prevalence of cases of administrative misconduct are too low to warrant formal regulation...
March 27, 2024: BioEssays: News and Reviews in Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology
https://read.qxmd.com/read/38537113/chewing-through-challenges-exploring-the-evolutionary-pathways-to-wood-feeding-in-insects
#2
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Cristian F Beza-Beza, Brian M Wiegmann, Jessica A Ware, Matt Petersen, Nicole Gunter, Marissa E Cole, Melbert Schwarz, Matthew A Bertone, Daniel Young, Aram Mikaelyan
Decaying wood, while an abundant and stable resource, presents considerable nutritional challenges due to its structural rigidity, chemical recalcitrance, and low nitrogen content. Despite these challenges, certain insect lineages have successfully evolved saproxylophagy (consuming and deriving sustenance from decaying wood), impacting nutrient recycling in ecosystems and carbon sequestration dynamics. This study explores the uneven phylogenetic distribution of saproxylophagy across insects and delves into the evolutionary origins of this trait in disparate insect orders...
March 27, 2024: BioEssays: News and Reviews in Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology
https://read.qxmd.com/read/38528317/the-t-locus-inspiration-and-distraction
#3
REVIEW
Robert P Erickson
The T/t locus was a major focus of study by mouse geneticists during the 20th century. In the 70s, as the study of cell surface antigens controlling transplantation antigens was taking off, several laboratories hypothesized that alleles of this locus would control cell surface antigens important for embryonic development. One such antigen, the embryonal carcinoma F9 antigen was said to be an example. Other antigens were described on sperm and embryos that were said to be controlled by alleles at the T/t complex...
March 25, 2024: BioEssays: News and Reviews in Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology
https://read.qxmd.com/read/38522027/strengths-and-opportunities-in-research-into-extracellular-matrix-ageing-a-consultation-with-the-ecmage-research-community
#4
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Matthew J Dalby, Vanja Pekovic-Vaughan, Daryl P Shanley, Joe Swift, Lisa J White, Elizabeth G Canty-Laird
Ageing causes progressive decline in metabolic, behavioural, and physiological functions, leading to a reduced health span. The extracellular matrix (ECM) is the three-dimensional network of macromolecules that provides our tissues with structure and biomechanical resilience. Imbalance between damage and repair/regeneration causes the ECM to undergo structural deterioration with age, contributing to age-associated pathology. The ECM 'Ageing Across the Life Course' interdisciplinary research network (ECMage) was established to bring together researchers in the United Kingdom, and internationally, working on the emerging field of ECM ageing...
March 24, 2024: BioEssays: News and Reviews in Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology
https://read.qxmd.com/read/38514402/new-approaches-for-low-phototoxicity-imaging-of-living-cells-and-tissues
#5
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Wiktoria Kasprzycka, Wiktoria Szumigraj, Przemysław Wachulak, Elżbieta Anna Trafny
Fluorescence microscopy is a powerful tool used in scientific and medical research, but it is inextricably linked to phototoxicity. Neglecting phototoxicity can lead to erroneous or inconclusive results. Recently, several reports have addressed this issue, but it is still underestimated by many researchers, even though it can lead to cell death. Phototoxicity can be reduced by appropriate microscopic techniques and carefully designed experiments. This review focuses on recent strategies to reduce phototoxicity in microscopic imaging of living cells and tissues...
March 21, 2024: BioEssays: News and Reviews in Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology
https://read.qxmd.com/read/38488673/towards-an-integrated-understanding-of-inflammatory-pathway-influence-on-hematopoietic-stem-and-progenitor-cell-differentiation
#6
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Michael Allara, Juliet R Girard
Recent research highlights that inflammatory signaling pathways such as pattern recognition receptor (PRR) signaling and inflammatory cytokine signaling play an important role in both on-demand hematopoiesis as well as steady-state hematopoiesis. Knockout studies have demonstrated the necessity of several distinct pathways in these processes, but often lack information about the contribution of specific cell types to the phenotypes in question. Transplantation studies have increased the resolution to the level of specific cell types by testing the necessity of inflammatory pathways specifically in donor hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) or in recipient niche cells...
March 15, 2024: BioEssays: News and Reviews in Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology
https://read.qxmd.com/read/38488284/myrf-a-unique-transmembrane-transcription-factor-from-proteolytic-self-processing-to-its-multifaceted-roles-in-animal-development
#7
REVIEW
Yingchuan B Qi, Zhimin Xu, Shiqian Shen, Zhao Wang, Zhizhi Wang
The Myelin Regulator Factor (MYRF) is a master regulator governing myelin formation and maintenance in the central nervous system. The conservation of MYRF across metazoans and its broad tissue expression suggest it has functions extending beyond the well-established role in myelination. Loss of MYRF results in developmental lethality in both invertebrates and vertebrates, and MYRF haploinsufficiency in humans causes MYRF-related Cardiac Urogenital Syndrome, underscoring its importance in animal development; however, these mechanisms are largely unexplored...
March 15, 2024: BioEssays: News and Reviews in Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology
https://read.qxmd.com/read/38461519/nlrc5-mhc-class-i-transactivator-a-key-target-for-immune-escape-by-sars-cov-2
#8
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Baohui Zhu, Ryota Ouda, Yusuke Kasuga, Paul de Figueiredo, Koichi S Kobayashi
Antigen presentation to CD8+ T cells by MHC class I molecules is essential for host defense against viral infections. Various mechanisms have evolved in multiple viruses to escape immune surveillance and defense to support viral proliferation in host cells. Through in vitro SARS-CoV-2 infection studies and analysis of COVID-19 patient samples, we found that SARS-CoV-2 suppresses the induction of the MHC class I pathway by inhibiting the expression and function of NLRC5, a major transcriptional regulator of MHC class I genes...
March 10, 2024: BioEssays: News and Reviews in Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology
https://read.qxmd.com/read/38459808/the-complexities-of-ligand-receptor-interactions-exploring-the-role-of-molecular-vibrations-and-quantum-tunnelling
#9
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Oné R Pagán
Molecular vibrations and quantum tunneling may link ligand binding to the function of pharmacological receptors. The well-established lock-and-key model explains a ligand's binding and recognition by a receptor; however, a general mechanism by which receptors translate binding into activation, inactivation, or modulation remains elusive. The Vibration Theory of Olfaction was proposed in the 1930s to explain this subset of receptor-mediated phenomena by correlating odorant molecular vibrations to smell, but a mechanism was lacking...
March 9, 2024: BioEssays: News and Reviews in Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology
https://read.qxmd.com/read/38449346/how-mitochondrial-cristae-illuminate-the-important-role-of-oxygen-during-eukaryogenesis
#10
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Dave Speijer
Inner membranes of mitochondria are extensively folded, forming cristae. The observed overall correlation between efficient eukaryotic ATP generation and the area of internal mitochondrial inner membranes both in unicellular organisms and metazoan tissues seems to explain why they evolved. However, the crucial use of molecular oxygen (O2 ) as final acceptor of the electron transport chain is still not sufficiently appreciated. O2 was an essential prerequisite for cristae development during early eukaryogenesis and could be the factor allowing cristae retention upon loss of mitochondrial ATP generation...
March 6, 2024: BioEssays: News and Reviews in Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology
https://read.qxmd.com/read/38436469/the-contours-of-evolution-in-defence-of-darwin-s-tree-of-life-paradigm
#11
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Peter T S van der Gulik, Wouter D Hoff, Dave Speijer
Both the concept of a Darwinian tree of life (TOL) and the possibility of its accurate reconstruction have been much criticized. Criticisms mostly revolve around the extensive occurrence of lateral gene transfer (LGT), instances of uptake of complete organisms to become organelles (with the associated subsequent gene transfer to the nucleus), as well as the implications of more subtle aspects of the biological species concept. Here we argue that none of these criticisms are sufficient to abandon the valuable TOL concept and the biological realities it captures...
March 4, 2024: BioEssays: News and Reviews in Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology
https://read.qxmd.com/read/38412391/clathrin-controls-bidirectional-communication-between-t-cells-and-antigen-presenting-cells
#12
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Audun Kvalvaag, Michael L Dustin
In circulation, T cells are spherical with selectin enriched dynamic microvilli protruding from the surface. Following extravasation, these microvilli serve another role, continuously surveying their environment for antigen in the form of peptide-MHC (pMHC) expressed on the surface of antigen presenting cells (APCs). Upon recognition of their cognate pMHC, the microvilli are initially stabilized and then flatten into F-actin dependent microclusters as the T cell spreads over the APC. Within 1-5 min, clathrin is recruited by the ESCRT-0 component Hrs to mediate release of T cell receptor (TCR) loaded vesicles directly from the plasma membrane by clathrin and ESCRT-mediated ectocytosis (CEME)...
February 27, 2024: BioEssays: News and Reviews in Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology
https://read.qxmd.com/read/38403799/epistemic-misalignments-in-microbiome-research
#13
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Federico Boem, Javier Suárez
We argue that microbiome research should be more reflective on the methods that it relies on to build its datasets due to the danger of facing a methodological problem which we call "epistemic misalignment." An epistemic misalignment occurs when the method used to answer specific scientific questions does not track justified answers, due to the material constraints imposed by the very method. For example, relying on 16S rRNA to answer questions about the function of the microbiome generates epistemic misalignments, due to the different temporal scales that 16S rRNA provides information about and the temporal scales that are required to know about the functionality of some microorganisms...
February 25, 2024: BioEssays: News and Reviews in Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology
https://read.qxmd.com/read/38403725/activating-the-abscission-checkpoint-top2%C3%AE-senses-chromatin-bridges-in-cytokinesis-top2%C3%AE-binds-to-dna-knots-on-chromatin-bridges-to-activate-the-abscission-checkpoint-in-human-cells
#14
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Eleni Petsalaki, George Zachos
How chromatin bridges are detected by the abscission checkpoint during mammalian cell division is unknown. Here, we discuss recent findings from our lab showing that the DNA topoisomerase IIα (Top2α) enzyme binds to catenated ("knotted") DNA next to the midbody and forms abortive Top2-DNA cleavage complexes (Top2ccs) on chromatin bridges. Top2ccs are then processed by the proteasome to promote localization of the DNA damage sensor protein Rad17 to Top2-generated double-strand DNA ends on DNA knots...
February 25, 2024: BioEssays: News and Reviews in Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology
https://read.qxmd.com/read/38388783/symbiont-effector-guided-mapping-of-proteins-in-plant-networks-to-improve-crop-climate-stress-resilience-symbiont-effectors-inform-highly-interconnected-plant-protein-networks-and-provide-an-untapped-resource-for-crop-climate-resilience-strategies
#15
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Laura Rehneke, Patrick Schäfer
There is an urgent need for novel protection strategies to sustainably secure crop production under changing climates. Studying microbial effectors, defined as microbe-derived proteins that alter signalling inside plant cells, has advanced our understanding of plant immunity and microbial plant colonisation strategies. Our understanding of effectors in the establishment and beneficial outcome of plant symbioses is less well known. Combining functional and comparative interaction assays uncovered specific symbiont effector targets in highly interconnected plant signalling networks and revealed the potential of effectors in beneficially modulating plant traits...
February 22, 2024: BioEssays: News and Reviews in Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology
https://read.qxmd.com/read/38359068/are-fetal-microchimerism-and-circulating-fetal-extracellular-vesicles-important-links-between-spontaneous-preterm-delivery-and-maternal-cardiovascular-disease-risk
#16
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Elizabeth A Bonney, Ryan C V Lintao, Carolyn M Zelop, Ananth Kumar Kammala, Ramkumar Menon
Trafficking and persistence of fetal microchimeric cells (fMCs) and circulating extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been observed in animals and humans, but their consequences in the maternal body and their mechanistic contributions to maternal physiology and pathophysiology are not yet fully defined. Fetal cells and EVs may help remodel maternal organs after pregnancy-associated changes, but the cell types and EV cargos reaching the mother in preterm pregnancies after exposure to various risk factors can be distinct from term pregnancies...
February 15, 2024: BioEssays: News and Reviews in Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology
https://read.qxmd.com/read/38351661/are-non-protein-coding-rnas-junk-or-treasure-an-attempt-to-explain-and-reconcile-opposing-viewpoints-of-whether-the-human-genome-is-mostly-transcribed-into-non-functional-or-functional-rnas
#17
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Nils G Walter
The human genome project's lasting legacies are the emerging insights into human physiology and disease, and the ascendance of biology as the dominant science of the 21st century. Sequencing revealed that >90% of the human genome is not coding for proteins, as originally thought, but rather is overwhelmingly transcribed into non-protein coding, or non-coding, RNAs (ncRNAs). This discovery initially led to the hypothesis that most genomic DNA is "junk", a term still championed by some geneticists and evolutionary biologists...
February 13, 2024: BioEssays: News and Reviews in Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology
https://read.qxmd.com/read/38344836/the-evosystem-a-centerpiece-for-evolutionary-studies
#18
JOURNAL ARTICLE
François Papale, Fabrice Not, Éric Bapteste, Louis-Patrick Haraoui
In this paper, we redefine the target of evolutionary explanations by proposing the "evosystem" as an alternative to populations, lineages and species. Evosystems account for changes in the distribution of heritable variation within individual Darwinian populations (evolution by natural selection, drift, or constructive neutral evolution), but also for changes in the networks of interactions within or between Darwinian populations and changes in the abiotic environment (whether these changes are caused by the organic entities or not)...
February 12, 2024: BioEssays: News and Reviews in Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology
https://read.qxmd.com/read/38314963/aggression-modulator-understanding-the-multifaceted-role-of-the-dorsal-raphe-nucleus
#19
REVIEW
Koshiro Mitsui, Aki Takahashi
Aggressive behavior is instinctively driven behavior that helps animals to survive and reproduce and is closely related to multiple behavioral and physiological processes. The dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) is an evolutionarily conserved midbrain structure that regulates aggressive behavior by integrating diverse brain inputs. The DRN consists predominantly of serotonergic (5-HT:5-hydroxytryptamine) neurons and decreased 5-HT activity was classically thought to increase aggression. However, recent studies challenge this 5-HT deficiency model, revealing a more complex role for the DRN 5-HT system in aggression...
February 5, 2024: BioEssays: News and Reviews in Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology
https://read.qxmd.com/read/38247191/design-patterns-of-biological-cells
#20
REVIEW
Steven S Andrews, H Steven Wiley, Herbert M Sauro
Design patterns are generalized solutions to frequently recurring problems. They were initially developed by architects and computer scientists to create a higher level of abstraction for their designs. Here, we extend these concepts to cell biology to lend a new perspective on the evolved designs of cells' underlying reaction networks. We present a catalog of 21 design patterns divided into three categories: creational patterns describe processes that build the cell, structural patterns describe the layouts of reaction networks, and behavioral patterns describe reaction network function...
January 21, 2024: BioEssays: News and Reviews in Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology
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