Bulletin of the World Health Organization

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OBJECTIVE: To assess the extent of under-reporting of stillbirths in India by comparing stillbirth and neonatal mortality rates from two national data sources and to review possible reasons for undercounting of stillbirths. METHODS: We extracted data on stillbirth and neonatal mortality rates from the annual reports for 2016-2020 of the sample registration system, the Indian government's main source of vital statistics. We compared the data with estimates of stillbirth and neonatal mortality rates from the fifth round of the Indian national family health survey covering events from 2016-2021...

OBJECTIVE: To describe the implementation of case-area targeted interventions to reduce cholera transmission using a rapid, localized response in Kribi district, Cameroon. METHODS: We used a cross-sectional design to study the implementation of case-area targeted interventions. We initiated interventions after rapid diagnostic test confirmation of a case of cholera. We targeted households within a 100-250 metre perimeter around the index case (spatial targeting)...

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate road safety in member countries of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations and estimate the benefits that vehicle safety interventions would have in this group of countries. METHODS: We used a counterfactual analysis to assess the reduction in traffic deaths and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) lost if eight proven vehicle safety technologies and motorcycle helmets were entirely in use in countries of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations...

Rita Oladele talks to Gary Humphreys about the need for more investment in invasive fungal pathogen surveillance, research and clinical capacity.

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OBJECTIVE: To describe the changes in tuberculosis case notifications by the private sector after implementation of the Joint Effort for Elimination of Tuberculosis project in India in 2018. METHODS: We retrieved data from the project recorded in India's national tuberculosis surveillance system. We analysed data on 95 project districts in six states (Andhra Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Karnataka, Punjab including Chandigarh, Telangana and West Bengal) to assess changes in the number of tuberculosis notifications, private provider notifiers and microbiological confirmations of cases from 2017 (baseline) to 2019...

Increased focus on invasive fungal pathogens promises to drive improvements in reporting, diagnostics and treatments. Tatum Anderson reports.

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OBJECTIVE: To describe chest radiograph findings among children hospitalized with clinically diagnosed severe pneumonia and hypoxaemia at three tertiary facilities in Uganda. METHODS: The study involved clinical and radiograph data on a random sample of 375 children aged 28 days to 12 years enrolled in the Children's Oxygen Administration Strategies Trial in 2017. Children were hospitalized with a history of respiratory illness and respiratory distress complicated by hypoxaemia, defined as a peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO2 ) < 92%...

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Rivers are critical, but often overlooked, parts of food systems. They have multiple functions that support the food security, nutrition, health and livelihoods of the communities surrounding them. However, given current unsustainable food system practices, damming and climate change, the majority of the world's largest rivers are increasingly susceptible to environmental degradation, with negative implications for the communities that rely on them. Here we describe the dynamism and multifaceted nature of rivers as food environments (i...

OBJECTIVE: To quantify the number of avoidable annual deaths and associated economic benefits from meeting the World Health Organization (WHO) air quality guidelines for ambient concentrations for fine particulate matter (PM2.5 ) for Member States of the WHO Western Pacific Region. METHODS: Using the AirQ+ software, we performed a quantitative health impact assessment comparing country-level PM2.5 concentrations with the 2005 and 2021 air quality guidelines recommended maximum concentrations of 10 and 5 μg/m3 , respectively...

Nature-based approaches to enhancing the absorbency of urban environments are being used to address the linked issues of climate change, flooding, sanitation and health. Fid Thompson reports.

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OBJECTIVE: To study the link between coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination status and adherence to public health and social measures in Members of the Eastern Mediterranean Region and Algeria. METHODS: We analysed two rounds of a large, cross-country, repeated cross-sectional mobile phone survey in June-July 2021 and October-November 2021. The rounds included 14 287 and 14 131 respondents, respectively, from 23 countries and territories. Questions covered knowledge, attitudes and practices around COVID-19, and demographic, employment, health and vaccination status...

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