Proceedings of the Nutrition Society

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The UK food system is distorted by inequalities in access, failing the people most in need, yet it should provide access to safe, nutritious affordable food for all citizens. Dietary patterns are associated with sociodemographic characteristics, with high levels of diet-related disease mortality attributed to poor dietary habits. Disadvantaged UK communities face urgent public health challenges, yet area often treated as powerless recipients of dietary and health initiatives.The need for food system transformation has been illustrated within recent UK government policy drivers and research funding...

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No abstract text is available yet for this article.

In the UK, populations of Black African and Caribbean (BAC) ethnicity suffer higher rates of cardiometabolic disease than White Europeans (WE). Obesity, leading to increased visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and intrahepatic lipid (IHL), has long been associated with cardiometabolic risk, driving insulin resistance and defective fatty acid/lipoprotein metabolism. These defects are compounded by a state of chronic low-grade inflammation, driven by dysfunctional adipose tissue. Emerging evidence has highlighted associations between central complement system components and adipose tissue, fatty acid metabolism and inflammation; it may therefore sit at the intersection of various cardiometabolic disease risk factors...

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Globally, diet quality is poor, with populations failing to achieve national dietary guidelines. Such failure has been consistently linked with malnutrition and poorer health outcomes. In addition to the impact of diet on health outcomes, it is now accepted that what we eat, and the resulting food system, has significant environmental or planetary health impacts. Changes are required to our food systems to reduce these impacts and mitigate the impact of climate change on our food supply. Given the complexity of the interactions between climate change, food and health, and the different actors and drivers that influence these, a systems-thinking approach to capture such complexity is essential...

The aim of this review is to provide an overview of dietary interventions delivered during pregnancy for the prevention of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). GDM increases the risk of adverse pregnancy and neonatal outcomes, and also increases future cardiometabolic risks for both the mother and the offspring. Carrying or gaining excessive weight during pregnancy increases the risk of developing GDM, and several clinical trials in women with overweight or obesity have tested whether interventions aimed at limiting gestational weight gain (GWG) could help prevent GDM...

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This review aims to critically evaluate the efficacy of long-chain ո -3 PUFA ingestion in modulating muscle protein synthesis (MPS), with application to maintaining skeletal muscle mass, strength and function into later life. Ageing is associated with a gradual decline in muscle mass, specifically atrophy of type II fibres, that is exacerbated by periods of (in)voluntary muscle disuse. At the metabolic level, in otherwise healthy older adults, muscle atrophy is underpinned by anabolic resistance which describes the impaired MPS response to non-pharmacological anabolic stimuli, namely, physical activity/exercise and amino acid provision...

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The aim of the paper is to review the current evidence on the impact of 'the timing of energy intake' on the risk of developing obesity and obesity-related metabolic diseases. The prevalence of obesity is currently increasing worldwide thus becoming a severe health burden for most countries. Indeed, obesity represents a risk factor for several non-communicable diseases such as cancer, type 2 diabetes, dyslipidaemia, CVD and overall mortality. In order to treat obesity, several pharmacological approaches have been developed and are indicated for subjects with obesity with a BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2 or ≥ 27 kg/m2 and obesity-related comorbidities...

This review will provide an overview of the immune system and then describe the effects of frailty, obesity, specific micronutrients and the gut microbiota on immunity and susceptibility to infection including data from the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic where relevant. A key role for the immune system is providing host defence against pathogens. Impaired immunity predisposes to infections and to more severe infections and weakens the response to vaccination. A range of nutrients, including many micronutrients, play important roles in supporting the immune system to function...

Globally, the prevalence of those living with obesity (≥30 kg/m2 ) is rising, with this trend expected to continue if firm and decisive policy interventions are not introduced. Across Europe, despite many consecutive policies aiming to reverse rising trends in weight status over recent decades, no country is currently on track to halt and reverse current trends in the coming years. This is evident in Ireland too, whereby the reporting of nationally representative weight status data show that targets have not been achieved since reporting began...

Plant-based substitutes (PBS) are seen as a convenient way to transition to a more plant-based diet, but their potential health benefits and nutritional concerns remain debated. Based on a review of the literature, it is concluded here that the primary risk of insufficient nutrient intake with PBS concerns iron and calcium, which are critical to the nutritional value of PBS. Other risks were identified but these would depend on the characteristics of the overall diet, as is the case for iodine in a diet containing no seafood or dairy, and vitamin B12 in a vegetarian/vegan diet...

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No abstract text is available yet for this article.

No abstract text is available yet for this article.

No abstract text is available yet for this article.