Pharmacology and Therapeutics in Dentistry

Diazepam, oxazepam, N-methyloxazepam, nitrazepam and N-desmethyldiazepam prevented seizures in mice produced by lidocaine, mepivacaine, and prilocaine, and in rats by lidocaine when administered IP five minutes before IP local anesthetic. ED50 values for antagonism of lidocaine tremors ranged from 0.7 to 5.2 mg/kg for N-methyloxazepam and N-desmethyldiazepam respectively in mice, and 0.08 to 0.54 mg/kg for N-desmethyldiazepam and oxazepam respectively, and for antagonism of prilocaine convulsions, 0.2 to 0...

This investigation demonstrates that intraperitoneal injections of NaF (15 mg F/kg) results in hyperglycemia, inhibition of glycolysis, and an increase in tissue cAMP concentrations. Sodium fluoride significantly increases the cAMP concentration in liver, submaxillary gland, lung, heart, and kidney within 60 minutes following the injection.

The first year of a two-year double-blind clinical trial of the anticaries effectiveness of a stannous fluoride-calcium pyrophosphate (SnF2-CPP) dentifrice as compared to a placebo control dentifrice involved 1,337 adult subjects, 18 to 78 years of age. Adult subjects were examined for dental caries at a baseline examination and after one year of ad lib dentifrice usage by an experienced clinical examiner using a visual-tactile examination and a radiographic evaluation. Results of the study after one year indicate a significant (P < 0...

Twenty-four normal healthy patients were scored for plaque by four examiners with different professional backgrounds and different levels of training. Each patient was examined twice by each examiner according to a predetermined random assignment with the assumption of no change in state. All four examiners scored higher on the second examination and there was no apparent consistent relationship between professional background and level of training in the plaque scoring.

The purpose of this clinical investigation was to evaluate the effectiveness of 0.3% tiodonium chloride mouthrinse on various plaque and gingivitis indices. Fifty-five subjects were randomly assigned to the tiodonium chloride or placebo mouthrinses. After a prophylaxis on day 1 of the study, the subjects suspended all oral hygiene except for the daily supervised mouthrinsing. Plaque was monitored by thickness, area, and dry weight. All mean plaque scores were significantly lower in the tiodonium chloride group than in the placebo group (P less than 0...

Tiodonium chloride (4-chlorophenyl-2-thienyliodonium chloride), when used in a twice daily mouthrinse at a concentration of 0.3% for either one or four weeks, inhibited dental plaque formation in rats that had been inoculated with Streptococcus mutans 6715-15 and Actinomyces viscosus T-6. Mouthrinses containing 0.1 and 0.2% tiodonium chloride were also effective in inhibiting plaque, but not as consistently as the 0.3% level.

The efficacy of tiodonium chloride as an antimicrobial, antiplaque, and anticaries agent was examined. It proved to be an effective antibacterial agent and reduced in vitro plaque formation at concentrations below its bacteriostatic level. It reduced caries in rats when used in the food at 600 microgram/gm but was not effective as a mouthrinse at up to 0.3%.

Tiodonium chloride was evaluated for its efficacy against Streptococcus mutans. Depending upon the concentration used, it was found to have either bacteriocidal or bacteriostatic activity against S mutans and ti inhibit the accumulation of plaque formed in vitro by this organism. When applied as a mouthrinse in hamsters infected with S mutans, tiodonium chloride significantly reduced the accumulation of dental plaque. Chlorhexidine gluconate was tested as a positive control in the in vivo experiment.

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The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of a tiodonium chloride mouthrinse on the microbial composition of plaque and the acidogenic properties of plaque and saliva after challenge with sucrose solutions. Fifty-five participants were grouped on the basis of their tendency to form plaque, then randomly assigned to use either a placebo or a 0.3% tiodonium chloride rinse. After a prophylaxis all oral hygiene was suspended, supervised rinsings were conducted twice daily for four days and once on day 5...

A recent study reported that regular use of commercial mouthwashes produced a significant incidence of oral reactions, including epithelial peeling, inflammation, ulceration and geographic tongue-like lesions. In view of the widespread use of these preparations, without apparent deleterious effects, an investigation of two commercial preparations (Scope, Listerine) and an experimental mouthwash containing cetyl pyridinium chloride was undertaken to assess the possible irritant effects on the oral soft tissue under stringent test conditions...

This report re-opens the question of epinephrine absorption from gingival retraction cord during fixed prosthodontic impression procedures. The conflicting evidence exposed by this and other studies is probably related to the experimental models utilized. Some suggestions for further investigation are given.

The effect on formed dental plaque of a commercial mouthwash containing cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) was evaluated in forty-one adults. During this fourteen day study no oral hygiene other than the use of a mouthwash was provided. Plaque and gingival indices were scored on sixteen teeth at days 0, 7 and 14. The results of this study suggested that subjects using the CPC containing mouthwash formed less plaque than those using the placebo mouthwash. No change in the Gingival Index was observed. Of those patients using the CPC containing mouthwash, four showed a slight staining of the anterior teeth and five reported a mild burning sensation of the tongue...

The relationship of diabetes to salivary gland metabolism has been investigated by comparing the levels of alpha-amylase, sialic acid and total protein in the parotid and submandibular glands, plasma and kidneys of control and alloxan-diabetic rats. A significant decrease in alpha-amylase activity was found in both the parotid and submandibular glands of the diabetic rats by use of both a chemical and an electrophoretic assay. Plasma and kidney levels of the enzyme were not altered in the diabetic rats. Sialic acid levels were not affected by the alloxan-induced diabetes...