American Journal of Clinical Nutrition

BACKGROUND: Human breast milk has a high microRNA (miRNA) content. It remains unknown whether and how milk miRNAs might affect intestinal gene regulation and homeostasis of the developing microbiome after initiation of enteral nutrition. However, this requires that relevant milk miRNA amounts survive gastrointestinal passage, are taken up by cells, and become available to the RNA interference (RNAi) machinery. It seems important to dissect the fate of these miRNAs after oral ingestion and gastrointestinal passage...

BACKGROUND: Approximately 84% of fatty acids contained in coconut oil (CO) are saturated fatty acids (SFA), and approximately 47% of the SFA are lauric acid with 12 carbon atoms. Lauric acid carbon chain length is intermediate between medium and long chain fatty acids. We examined how CO acts on lipid-related substances in the blood to determine whether its properties were similar to medium-chain fatty acids (MCFA) or long-chain fatty acids (LCFA). METHODS: This is a randomized controlled single-blind crossover study...

No abstract text is available yet for this article.

BACKGROUND: Regulating meal timing may have efficacy for improving metabolic health for preventing or managing chronic disease. However, the reliability of measuring meal timing with commonly used dietary assessment tools needs characterization prior to investigating meal timing and health outcomes in epidemiologic studies. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the reliability of estimating meal timing parameters including overnight fasting duration, midpoint of overnight fasting time, number of daily eating episodes, period with largest percentage of daily caloric intake, and late last eating episode (>9pm) from repeated 24-hour dietary recalls (24HR)...

BACKGROUND: Although emerging evidence has suggested that the type and emulsification of dietary fat may be important to carotenoids absorption, these effects have not yet been validated in a human trial. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to examine the effects of dietary fat type and emulsification on the bioaccessibility and bioavailability of carotenoids from a carotenoids-rich salad. METHODS: An identical salad was used for the in vitro and the human trial...

BACKGROUND: Expensive lactation cookies (LC) are marketed as milk-boosters; however, their effectiveness remains unknown. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness of 1-month daily intake of LC on changes in objective and subjective milk production and breastfeeding self-efficacy. METHODS: A 1-month, randomized controlled trial among 18-45-year-old exclusively lactating parents of healthy, term, 2-month-old infants living in the United States from March to December 2021...

The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) needs urgent attention to ensure its future, which is facing emerging challenges associated with data collection, stagnant funding that has undercut innovation, and the increased call for granular data for subpopulations and groups at risk. The concerns do not rest merely on securing more funding, but focus on the need for a constructive review of the survey to explore new approaches and identify appropriate change. This white paper, developed under the auspices of the American Society for Nutrition's Committee on Advocacy and Science Policy (CASP), is a call to the nutrition community to advocate for and support activities to prepare NHANES for future success in a changing nutrition world...

BACKGROUND: Curcumin supplementation may promote weight loss and ameliorate obesity-related complications through its anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory properties. OBJECTIVE: An umbrella review and updated meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) was conducted to evaluate the effect of curcumin supplementation on anthropometric indices. METHODS: Systematic reviews and meta-analyses (SRMAs) of RCTs were identified from electronic databases (Medline, Scopus, Cochrane and Google Scholar) up to 31st March 2022 without language restriction...

BACKGROUND: The association of total energy expenditure with all-cause mortality is uncertain, as is the dependence of this association on age. OBJECTIVE: To examine the association between total energy expenditure and all-cause mortality, and its age interaction, in a Women's Health Initiative (WHI) cohort of postmenopausal U.S. females (1992-present). DESIGN: A cohort of 1,131 WHI participants having Doubly-Labeled Water (DLW) total energy expenditure (TEE) assessment about 10...

BACKGROUND: Current gestational weight change (GWC) recommendations for those with obesity were established with limited evidence of the pattern and timing of weight change across pregnancy. Likewise, the recommendation of 5-9kg does not differentiate by obesity severity. OBJECTIVES: We sought to describe GWC trajectory classes by obesity grade and associated infant outcomes among a large, diverse cohort. METHODS: The study population included 22,355 singleton pregnancies individuals with obesity (BMI≥30...

BACKGROUND: The relationship between diet and risk genotypes in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) development and fibrosis progression in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) remains unclear. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to investigate the effects of diet on NASH development and fibrosis progression in patients with NAFLD stratified by the PNPLA3 genotype. METHODS: We performed a prospective study in a cohort of patients with biopsy-confirmed NAFLD...

BACKGROUND: In the search to diversify protein sources for humans, oilseeds are good candidates due to the high protein content of their coproducts after oil extraction. Among them, rapeseed presents a well-balanced amino acid (AA) profile. Flaxseed is an emerging source but the nutritional value of its protein is not yet documented. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to determine the nitrogen (N) and AA bioavailability of these protein sources. METHODS: Nineteen healthy volunteers were intubated with a naso-ileal tube...

BACKGROUND: Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and poor glucose regulation in the immediate postprandial period are both associated with impairments in cognitive function. There is evidence that foods that generate a better postprandial glycemic response, such as low GI foods (which produce a lower glycemic peak, less variability, and a more sustained decline), are associated with cognitive benefits over the morning. However, the potential impact of consuming multiple meals of this nature over the course of a day on cognition in T2DM has not been explored...

BACKGROUND: The EAT-Lancet Commission proposed a globally environmentally sustainable dietary pattern featuring mainly plant-based foods in 2019. However, evidence on this dietary pattern in preventing coronary events is minimal. OBJECTIVES: We aimed to examine the association between the EAT-Lancet diet and risk of coronary events. METHODS: The Malmö Diet and Cancer cohort study (recruited between 1991 and 1996) included 23,877 participants aged 44...

BACKGROUND: Sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) providing excess energy increase adiposity. The effect of other food sources of sugars at different energy control levels is unclear. OBJECTIVES: To determine the effect of food sources of fructose-containing sugars by energy control on adiposity. METHODS: In this systematic review and meta-analysis, MEDLINE, Embase, and Cochrane Library were searched through April 2022 for controlled trials ≥2 wk...

BACKGROUND: Differences in food access, availability, affordability, and dietary intake are influenced by the food environment, which includes outlets where foods are obtained. These differences between food outlets within rural and urban food environments in the US are not well understood. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this analysis was to describe the contribution of foods and beverages from six outlets - grocery stores, convenience stores, full-service restaurants, quick-service restaurants, schools, and other outlets - to total energy intake and Healthy Eating Index (HEI)-2015 scores in the US population, by urbanization level (non-metropolitan statistical areas (MSA), small to medium MSA, and large MSA)...

BACKGROUND: Carbon footprints of vegetarian, pescatarian, and other popular diets have been studied previously, but mostly as idealized versions modeled to meet dietary recommendations. Less is known about the footprints of popular diets as they are consumed by US adults, and thus the potential trade-offs with diet quality for free-living individuals. OBJECTIVES: This study estimated the carbon footprint and diet quality of popular diets as selected by a nationally representative sample of US consumers, including the recently trending keto- and paleo-style diets...

BACKGROUND: Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are major components of human milk that may mediate its beneficial effects on infant growth. OBJECTIVE: To investigate relationships between HMO concentrations in milk at 6 weeks postpartum, and anthropometry to 4 years of age in human milk-fed infants. METHODS: Milk samples were collected from 292 mothers at 6 weeks [median 6.0 weeks; range 3.3, 11.1] postpartum in a longitudinal, population-derived cohort...

BACKGROUND: A multivariable logistic regression model resulting from a case-control study of nutritional rickets in Nigerian children suggested that higher levels of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] may be required to prevent nutritional rickets in populations with low calcium intakes. OBJECTIVE: This current study evaluates if adding serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2 D) to that model shows that increased levels of serum 1,25(OH)2 D are independently associated with the risk of children on low-calcium diets having nutritional rickets...

No abstract text is available yet for this article.