journal
https://read.qxmd.com/read/38364443/an-investigation-of-the-effect-of-logical-structures-on-chinese-preschool-children-s-counterfactual-reasoning-development
#21
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Yanwen Wu
Counterfactual reasoning helps people to learn from the past to prepare for the future. In contrast to English with counterfactual markers that directly signal counterfactual reasoning, Mandarin Chinese indicates counterfactual reasoning by counterfactuality enhancers, which enhance rather than directly signal entry into the counterfactual realm. There are more counterfactuality enhancers in subtractive than additive counterfactual premises. Hence, Chinese-speaking children might more readily interpret subtractive than additive counterfactual premises, leading to better performance on subtractive than additive counterfactual reasoning tasks...
February 15, 2024: Cognition
https://read.qxmd.com/read/38359601/why-are-there-no-girls-increasing-children-s-recognition-of-structural-causes-of-the-gender-gap-in-stem
#22
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Jamie Amemiya, Lin Bian
The gender disparity in STEM fields emerges early in development. This research examined children's explanations for this gap and investigated two approaches to enhance children's structural understanding that this imbalance is caused by societal, systematic barriers. Five- to 8-year-old children (N = 145) observed girls' underrepresentation in a STEM competition; the No Structural Information condition presented no additional information, the Structural: Between-Group Comparison (Between) condition compared boys' greater representation to girls' when boys had more opportunities to practice than girls, and the Structural: Within-Group Comparison (Within) condition compared girls' greater STEM representation when they had opportunities versus not...
February 14, 2024: Cognition
https://read.qxmd.com/read/38350252/how-to-overcome-biases-against-creativity-the-role-of-familiarity-with-and-confidence-in-original-solutions
#23
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Moritz Reis, Wilfried Kunde
Despite the societal relevance of creative ideas, humans favor traditional over more original solutions, conceivably because of the increased uncertainty that comes with trying novel approaches. Here, we tested whether this anti-creativity bias can be counteracted by increasing familiarity with, and confidence in, creative solutions. Participants chose between creative and traditional uses for given objects. In study 1 (N = 67 international adults), these objects repeated either identically or conceptually during the experiment; and in study 2 (N = 68 international adults), choice options were either self-generated or externally provided...
February 12, 2024: Cognition
https://read.qxmd.com/read/38350251/distinguishing-between-intrinsic-and-instrumental-sources-of-the-value-of-choice
#24
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Sean Devine, Kevin da Silva Castanheira, Stephen M Fleming, A Ross Otto
Considerable evidence suggests that people value the freedom to choose. However, it is unclear whether this preference for choice stems purely from choice's intrinsic value, or whether people prefer to choose because it tends to provide instrumental information about desirable outcomes. To address this question, participants completed a novel choice task in which they could freely choose to exert choice or not, manipulating the level of instrumental contingency between participants' choices and eventual outcomes, which we operationalized using the information-theoretic concept of mutual information...
February 12, 2024: Cognition
https://read.qxmd.com/read/38342068/syllabic-rhythm-and-prior-linguistic-knowledge-interact-with-individual-differences-to-modulate-phonological-statistical-learning
#25
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Ireri Gómez Varela, Joan Orpella, David Poeppel, Pablo Ripolles, M Florencia Assaneo
Phonological statistical learning - our ability to extract meaningful regularities from spoken language - is considered critical in the early stages of language acquisition, in particular for helping to identify discrete words in continuous speech. Most phonological statistical learning studies use an experimental task introduced by Saffran et al. (1996), in which the syllables forming the words to be learned are presented continuously and isochronously. This raises the question of the extent to which this purportedly powerful learning mechanism is robust to the kinds of rhythmic variability that characterize natural speech...
February 10, 2024: Cognition
https://read.qxmd.com/read/38340529/volition-motivates-cognitive-performance-at-the-response-execution-level-by-attenuating-task-irrelevant-motor-activations
#26
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Xiaoxiao Luo, Lihui Wang, Xiaolin Zhou
Humans express volition by making voluntary choices which, relative to forced choices, can motivate cognitive performance in a variety of tasks. However, a task that requires the generation of motor responses on the basis of external sensory stimulation involves complex underlying cognitive processes, e.g., pre-response processing, response selection, and response execution. The present study investigated how these underlying processes are facilitated by voluntary choice-making. In five experiments, participants were free or forced to choose a task-irrelevant picture from two alternatives, and then completed a conflict task, i...
February 9, 2024: Cognition
https://read.qxmd.com/read/38340528/internal-attention-modulates-the-functional-state-of-novel-stimulus-response-associations-in-working-memory
#27
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Silvia Formica, Ana F Palenciano, Luc Vermeylen, Nicholas E Myers, Marcel Brass, Carlos González-García
Information in working memory (WM) is crucial for guiding behavior. However, not all WM representations are equally relevant simultaneously. Current theoretical frameworks propose a functional dissociation between 'latent' and 'active' states, in which relevant representations are prioritized into an optimal (active) state to face current demands, while relevant information that is not immediately needed is maintained in a dormant (latent) state. In this context, task demands can induce rapid and flexible prioritization of information from latent to active state...
February 9, 2024: Cognition
https://read.qxmd.com/read/38335906/modeling-early-phonetic-acquisition-from-child-centered-audio-data
#28
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Marvin Lavechin, Maureen de Seyssel, Marianne Métais, Florian Metze, Abdelrahman Mohamed, Hervé Bredin, Emmanuel Dupoux, Alejandrina Cristia
Infants learn their native language(s) at an amazing speed. Before they even talk, their perception adapts to the language(s) they hear. However, the mechanisms responsible for this perceptual attunement and the circumstances in which it takes place remain unclear. This paper presents the first attempt to study perceptual attunement using ecological child-centered audio data. We show that a simple prediction algorithm exhibits perceptual attunement when applied on unrealistic clean audio-book data, but fails to do so when applied on ecologically-valid child-centered data...
February 8, 2024: Cognition
https://read.qxmd.com/read/38330851/spatial-relation-categorization-in-infants-and-deep-neural-networks
#29
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Guy Davidson, A Emin Orhan, Brenden M Lake
Spatial relations, such as above, below, between, and containment, are important mediators in children's understanding of the world (Piaget, 1954). The development of these relational categories in infancy has been extensively studied (Quinn, 2003) yet little is known about their computational underpinnings. Using developmental tests, we examine the extent to which deep neural networks, pretrained on a standard vision benchmark or egocentric video captured from one baby's perspective, form categorical representations for visual stimuli depicting relations...
February 7, 2024: Cognition
https://read.qxmd.com/read/38325233/no-verbal-overshadowing-in-aphantasia-the-role-of-visual-imagery-for-the-verbal-overshadowing-effect
#30
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Merlin Monzel, Jennifer Handlogten, Martin Reuter
The verbal overshadowing effect refers to the phenomenon that the verbal description of a past complex stimulus impairs its subsequent recognition. Theoretical explanations range from interference between different mental representations to the activation of different processing orientations or a provoked shift in the recognition criterion. In our study, 61 participants with aphantasia (= lack of mental imagery) and 70 controls participated in a verbal overshadowing paradigm. The verbal overshadowing effect did not occur in people with aphantasia, although the effect was replicated in controls...
February 5, 2024: Cognition
https://read.qxmd.com/read/38309042/wordform-variability-in-infants-language-environment-and-its-effects-on-early-word-learning
#31
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Charlotte Moore, Elika Bergelson
Most research regarding early word learning in English tends to make the simplifying assumption that there exists a one-to-one mapping between concrete objects and their labels. In the current work, we provide evidence that runs counter to this assumption, aligning English with more morphologically-rich languages. We suggest that even in a morphologically-poor language like English, real world language input to infants does not provide tidy 1-to-1 mappings. Instead, infants encounter many variant wordforms for familiar nouns (e...
February 2, 2024: Cognition
https://read.qxmd.com/read/38309040/ethical-judgments-of-poverty-depictions-in-the-context-of-charity-advertising
#32
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Shannon M Duncan, Emma E Levine, Deborah A Small
Aid organizations, activists, and the media often use graphic depictions of human suffering to elicit sympathy and aid. While effective, critics have condemned these practices as exploitative, objectifying, and deceptive, ultimately labeling them 'poverty porn.' This paper examines people's ethical judgments of portrayals of poverty and the criticisms surrounding them, focusing on the context of charity advertising. In Studies 1 and 2, we find that tactics that have been decried as deceptive (i.e., using an actor or staging a photograph) are judged to be less acceptable than those that have been decried as exploitative and objectifying (i...
February 2, 2024: Cognition
https://read.qxmd.com/read/38309041/when-intuitive-bayesians-need-to-be-good-readers-the-problem-wording-effect-on-bayesian-reasoning
#33
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Miroslav Sirota, Gorka Navarrete, Marie Juanchich
Are humans intuitive Bayesians? It depends. People seem to be Bayesians when updating probabilities from experience but not when acquiring probabilities from descriptions (i.e., Bayesian textbook problems). Decades of research on textbook problems have focused on how the format of the statistical information (e.g., the natural frequency effect) affects such reasoning. However, it pays much less attention to the wording of these problems. Mathematical problem-solving literature indicates that wording is critical for performance...
February 1, 2024: Cognition
https://read.qxmd.com/read/38281395/opposite-size-illusions-for-inverted-faces-and-letters
#34
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Eamonn Walsh, Carolina Moreira, Matthew R Longo
Words are the primary means by which we communicate meaning and ideas, while faces provide important social cues. Studying visual illusions involving faces and words can elucidate the hierarchical processing of information as different regions of the brain are specialised for face recognition and word processing. A size illusion has previously been demonstrated for faces, whereby an inverted face is perceived as larger than the same stimulus upright. Here, two experiments replicate the face size illusion, and investigate whether the illusion is also present for individual letters (Experiment 1), and visual words and pseudowords (Experiment 2)...
January 27, 2024: Cognition
https://read.qxmd.com/read/38278040/shifting-attention-between-perception-and-working-memory
#35
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Daniela Gresch, Sage E P Boettcher, Freek van Ede, Anna C Nobre
Most everyday tasks require shifting the focus of attention between sensory signals in the external environment and internal contents in working memory. To date, shifts of attention have been investigated within each domain, but shifts between the external and internal domain remain poorly understood. We developed a combined perception and working-memory task to investigate and compare the consequences of shifting spatial attention within and between domains in the service of a common orientation-reproduction task...
January 25, 2024: Cognition
https://read.qxmd.com/read/38278039/heart-is-deceitful-above-all-things-threat-expectancy-induces-the-illusory-perception-of-increased-heartrate
#36
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Eleonora Parrotta, Patric Bach, Mauro Gianni Perrucci, Marcello Costantini, Francesca Ferri
It has been suggested that our perception of the internal milieu, or the body's internal state, is shaped by our beliefs and previous knowledge about the body's expected state, rather than being solely based on actual interoceptive experiences. This study investigated whether heartbeat perception could be illusorily distorted towards prior subjective beliefs, such that threat expectations suffice to induce a misperception of heartbeat frequency. Participants were instructed to focus on their cardiac activity and report their heartbeat, either tapping along to it (Experiment 1) or silently counting (Experiment 2) while ECG was recorded...
January 25, 2024: Cognition
https://read.qxmd.com/read/38266353/similarity-induced-interference-or-facilitation-in-language-production-reflects-representation-not-selection
#37
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Gary M Oppenheim, Nazbanou Nozari
Researchers have long interpreted the presence or absence of semantic interference in picture naming latencies as confirming or refuting theoretical claims regarding competitive lexical selection. But inconsistent empirical results challenge any mechanistic interpretation. A behavioral experiment first verified an apparent boundary condition in a blocked picture naming task: when orthogonally manipulating association type, taxonomic associations consistently elicit interference, while thematic associations do not...
January 23, 2024: Cognition
https://read.qxmd.com/read/38266352/perception-and-memory-based-representations-of-facial-emotions-associations-with-personality-functioning-affective-states-and-recognition-abilities
#38
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Chi-Hsun Chang, Natalia Drobotenko, Anthony C Ruocco, Andy C H Lee, Adrian Nestor
Personality traits and affective states are associated with biases in facial emotion perception. However, the precise personality impairments and affective states that underlie these biases remain largely unknown. To investigate how relevant factors influence facial emotion perception and recollection, Experiment 1 employed an image reconstruction approach in which community-dwelling adults (N = 89) rated the similarity of pairs of facial expressions, including those recalled from memory. Subsequently, perception- and memory-based expression representations derived from such ratings were assessed across participants and related to measures of personality impairment, state affect, and visual recognition abilities...
January 23, 2024: Cognition
https://read.qxmd.com/read/38262272/how-can-i-find-what-i-want-can-children-chimpanzees-and-capuchin-monkeys-form-abstract-representations-to-guide-their-behavior-in-a-sampling-task
#39
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Elisa Felsche, Christoph J Völter, Esther Herrmann, Amanda M Seed, Daphna Buchsbaum
concepts are a powerful tool for making wide-ranging predictions in new situations based on little experience. Whereas looking-time studies suggest an early emergence of this ability in human infancy, other paradigms like the relational match to sample task often fail to detect abstract concepts until late preschool years. Similarly, non-human animals show difficulties and often succeed only after long training regimes. Given the considerable influence of slight task modifications, the conclusiveness of these findings for the development and phylogenetic distribution of abstract reasoning is debated...
January 22, 2024: Cognition
https://read.qxmd.com/read/38262271/individual-differences-in-internal-models-explain-idiosyncrasies-in-scene-perception
#40
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Gongting Wang, Matthew J Foxwell, Radoslaw M Cichy, David Pitcher, Daniel Kaiser
According to predictive processing theories, vision is facilitated by predictions derived from our internal models of what the world should look like. However, the contents of these models and how they vary across people remains unclear. Here, we use drawing as a behavioral readout of the contents of the internal models in individual participants. Participants were first asked to draw typical versions of scene categories, as descriptors of their internal models. These drawings were converted into standardized 3d renders, which we used as stimuli in subsequent scene categorization experiments...
January 22, 2024: Cognition
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