journal
https://read.qxmd.com/read/38522219/a-bias-free-test-of-human-temporal-bisection-evidence-against-bisection-at-the-arithmetic-mean
#1
JOURNAL ARTICLE
David J Sanderson
The temporal bisection procedure has been used to assess theories of time perception. A problem with the procedure for measuring the perceived midpoint of two durations is that the spacing of probe durations affects the length of the bisection point. Linear spacing results in longer bisection points closer to the arithmetic mean of the durations than logarithmic spacing. In three experiments, the influence of probe duration distribution was avoided by presenting a single probe duration of either the arithmetic or geometric mean of the trained durations...
March 23, 2024: Cognition
https://read.qxmd.com/read/38522218/explaining-contentious-political-issues-promotes-open-minded-thinking
#2
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Abdo Elnakouri, Alex C Huynh, Igor Grossmann
Cognitive scientists suggest that inviting people to explain contentious political issues might reduce intergroup toxicity because it exposes people to how poorly they understand the issue. However, whether providing explanations can result in more open-minded political thinking remains unclear. On one hand, inviting people to explain a political issue might make them more impartial and open-minded in their thinking. On the other hand, an invitation to explain a contentious political issue might lead to myside bias-rationalization of one's default position...
March 23, 2024: Cognition
https://read.qxmd.com/read/38520794/relative-cue-precision-and-prior-knowledge-contribute-to-the-preference-of-proximal-and-distal-landmarks-in-human-orientation
#3
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Yafei Qi, Weimin Mou
A prevailing argument posits that distal landmarks dominate over proximal landmarks as orientation cues. However, no studies have tested this argument or examined the underlying mechanisms. This project aimed to close this gap by examining the roles of relative cue precision and prior knowledge in cue preference. Participants learned object locations with proximal and distal landmarks in an immersive virtual environment. After walking a path without seeing objects or landmarks, participants disoriented themselves by spinning in place and pointed to the objects with the reappearance of a proximal landmark being rotated -50°, a distal landmark being rotated 50°, or both (Conflict)...
March 22, 2024: Cognition
https://read.qxmd.com/read/38520793/irreducibility-of-sensory-experiences-dual-representations-lead-to-dual-context-biases
#4
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Yanmei Zheng, Alan D J Cooke, Chris Janiszewski
There are three views of cognitive representation: the amodal, strong-embodiment, and weak-embodiment views of cognition. The present research provides support for the weak-embodiment view by demonstrating that two representational systems, one conceptual and one perceptual, underlie the cognitive processing of sensory experiences. We find that an initial sensory experience can exert two independent influences on judgments about a subsequent sensory experience. Specifically, we show that the conceptual representation of an initial sensory experience creates an expectation that biases judgments of the subsequent experience toward the initial experience (i...
March 22, 2024: Cognition
https://read.qxmd.com/read/38507944/acquiring-a-language-vs-inducing-a-grammar
#5
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Gabe Dupre
Standard computational models of language acquisition treat acquiring a language as a process of inducing a set of string-generating rules from a collection of linguistic data assumed to be generated by these very rules. In this paper I give theoretical and empirical arguments that such a model is radically unlike what a human language learner must do to acquire their native language. Most centrally, I argue that such models presuppose that linguistic data is directly a product of a grammar, ignoring the myriad non-grammatical systems involved in the use of language...
March 19, 2024: Cognition
https://read.qxmd.com/read/38484614/adults-learning-of-complex-explanations-violates-their-intuitions-about-optimal-explanatory-order
#6
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Amanda M McCarthy, Nicole Betz, Frank C Keil
Should you first teach about the purpose of a microwave or about how it heats food? Adults strongly prefer explanations to present function before mechanism and information about a whole to precede information about its component parts. Here we replicate those preferences (Study 1). Using the same stimuli, we then ask whether those pedagogical preferences reflect ease of learning of labels, function, or mechanism. Surprisingly, explanations that accord with function-before-mechanism and whole-before-part structure show no learning benefits to participants compared to other participants who see lessons that violate one or both intuitions (Study 2)...
March 13, 2024: Cognition
https://read.qxmd.com/read/38479091/conflicts-between-short-and-long-term-experiences-affect-visual-perception-through-modulating-sensory-or-motor-response-systems-evidence-from-bayesian-inference-models
#7
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Qi Sun, Jing-Yi Wang, Xiu-Mei Gong
The independent effects of short- and long-term experiences on visual perception have been discussed for decades. However, no study has investigated whether and how these experiences simultaneously affect our visual perception. To address this question, we asked participants to estimate their self-motion directions (i.e., headings) simulated from optic flow, in which a long-term experience learned in everyday life (i.e., straight-forward motion being more common than lateral motion) plays an important role...
March 12, 2024: Cognition
https://read.qxmd.com/read/38457951/prime-saliency-in-semantic-priming-with-18-month-olds
#8
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Nicola Gillen, Armando Quetzalcóatl Angulo-Chavira, Kim Plunkett
This study investigated semantic priming in 18-month-old infants using the inter-modal priming technique, focusing on the effects of prime repetition on saliency. Our findings showed that prime repetition led to longer looking times at target referents for related primes compared to unrelated primes, supporting the existence of a structured semantic system in infants as young as 18 months. The results are consistent with both Spreading Activation and Distributed models of semantic priming. Additionally, our findings highlighted the impact of prime-target stimulus onset asynchronies (SOAs) on priming effects, revealing positive, negative, or no priming effects depending on the chosen SOA...
March 7, 2024: Cognition
https://read.qxmd.com/read/38447359/do-toddlers-reason-about-other-people-s-experiences-of-objects-a-limit-to-early-mental-state-reasoning
#9
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Brandon M Woo, Gabriel H Chisholm, Elizabeth S Spelke
Human social life requires an understanding of the mental states of one's social partners. Two people who look at the same objects often experience them differently, as a twinkling light or a planet, a 6 or a 9, and a random cat or Cleo, their pet. Indeed, a primary purpose of communication is to share distinctive experiences of objects or events. Here, we test whether toddlers (14-15 months) are sensitive to another agent's distinctive experiences of pictures when determining the goal underlying the agent's actions in a minimally social context...
March 5, 2024: Cognition
https://read.qxmd.com/read/38442588/weighting-of-cues-to-categorization-of-song-versus-speech-in-tone-language-and-non-tone-language-speakers
#10
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Magdalena Kachlicka, Aniruddh D Patel, Fang Liu, Adam Tierney
One of the most important auditory categorization tasks a listener faces is determining a sound's domain, a process which is a prerequisite for successful within-domain categorization tasks such as recognizing different speech sounds or musical tones. Speech and song are universal in human cultures: how do listeners categorize a sequence of words as belonging to one or the other of these domains? There is growing interest in the acoustic cues that distinguish speech and song, but it remains unclear whether there are cross-cultural differences in the evidence upon which listeners rely when making this fundamental perceptual categorization...
March 4, 2024: Cognition
https://read.qxmd.com/read/38442587/the-nature-of-anchor-biased-estimates-and-its-application-to-the-wisdom-of-crowds
#11
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Hidehito Honda, Rina Kagawa, Masaru Shirasuna
We propose a method to achieve better wisdom of crowds by utilizing anchoring effects. In this method, people are first asked to make a comparative judgment such as "Is the number of new COVID-19 infections one month later more or less than 10 (or 200,000)?" As in this example, two sufficiently different anchors (e.g., "10" or "200,000") are set in the comparative judgment. After this comparative judgment, people are asked to make their own estimates. These estimates are then aggregated. We hypothesized that the aggregated estimates using this method would be more accurate than those without anchor presentation...
March 4, 2024: Cognition
https://read.qxmd.com/read/38442586/brain-responses-to-a-lab-evolved-artificial-language-with-space-time-metaphors
#12
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Tessa Verhoef, Tyler Marghetis, Esther Walker, Seana Coulson
What is the connection between the cultural evolution of a language and the rapid processing response to that language in the brains of individual learners? In an iterated communication study that was conducted previously, participants were asked to communicate temporal concepts such as "tomorrow," "day after," "year," and "past" using vertical movements recorded on a touch screen. Over time, participants developed simple artificial 'languages' that used space metaphorically to communicate in nuanced ways about time...
March 4, 2024: Cognition
https://read.qxmd.com/read/38442585/updating-beliefs-about-pain-following-advice-trustworthiness-of-social-advice-predicts-pain-expectations-and-experience
#13
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Charlotte Krahé, Athanasios Koukoutsakis, Aikaterini Fotopoulou
Prior expectations influence pain experience. These expectations, in turn, rely on prior pain experience, but they may also be socially influenced. Yet, most research has focused on self rather than social expectations about pain, and hardly any studies examined their combined effects on pain. Here, we adopted a Bayesian learning perspective to investigate how explicitly communicated social expectations ('advice about pain tolerance') affect own pain expectations, and ultimately pain tolerance, under varying conditions of social epistemic uncertainty (trustworthiness of the advice)...
March 4, 2024: Cognition
https://read.qxmd.com/read/38430752/does-rotation-eliminate-masked-priming-effects-for-japanese-kanji-words
#14
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Masahiro Yoshihara, Mariko Nakayama, Xue Junyi, Yasushi Hino
A key issue in recent visual word recognition literature is whether text rotation disrupts the early stages of orthographic processing. Previous research found no masked repetition priming effect when primes were rotated ≥90° in alphabetic languages. The present study investigated the impact of text rotation using logographic (two-character Japanese kanji) words. In Experiment 1, we conducted a masked repetition priming lexical decision experiment with upright and 180° rotated primes. The rotated primes produced a significant priming effect, although the effect was smaller than the upright primes...
February 29, 2024: Cognition
https://read.qxmd.com/read/38428168/a-predictive-coding-model-of-the-n400
#15
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Samer Nour Eddine, Trevor Brothers, Lin Wang, Michael Spratling, Gina R Kuperberg
The N400 event-related component has been widely used to investigate the neural mechanisms underlying real-time language comprehension. However, despite decades of research, there is still no unifying theory that can explain both its temporal dynamics and functional properties. In this work, we show that predictive coding - a biologically plausible algorithm for approximating Bayesian inference - offers a promising framework for characterizing the N400. Using an implemented predictive coding computational model, we demonstrate how the N400 can be formalized as the lexico-semantic prediction error produced as the brain infers meaning from the linguistic form of incoming words...
February 29, 2024: Cognition
https://read.qxmd.com/read/38412761/metacognitive-judgment-formation-during-map-learning-evidence-for-global-monitoring
#16
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Lauren A Mason, Ayanna K Thomas, Holly A Taylor
Street maps are sometimes complex. They may show landmark names, locations, routes between landmarks, and where landmarks are relative to one another. Map learners may aim to learn one map component, like landmark locations, but later must remember a different component, such as routes. In other words, congruency between learning goals and tests may contribute to map memory. Further, research demonstrates that complex knowledge acquisition may be improved when metacognitive processes are congruent with tested material...
February 26, 2024: Cognition
https://read.qxmd.com/read/38412760/chimpanzees-demonstrate-a-behavioural-signature-of-human-joint-action
#17
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Merryn D Constable, Emma Suvi McEwen, Günther Knoblich, Callum Gibson, Amanda Addison, Sophia Nestor, Josep Call
The strength of human society can largely be attributed to the tendency to work together to achieve outcomes that are not possible alone. Effective social coordination benefits from mentally representing a partner's actions. Specifically, humans optimize social coordination by forming internal action models adapted to joint rather than individual task demands. To what extent do humans share the cognitive mechanisms that support optimal human coordination and collaboration with other species? An ecologically inspired joint handover-to-retrieve task was systematically manipulated across several experiments to assess whether joint action planning in chimpanzees reflects similar patterns to humans...
February 26, 2024: Cognition
https://read.qxmd.com/read/38394973/impasse-driven-problem-solving-the-multidimensional-nature-of-feeling-stuck
#18
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Wendy Ross, Selene Arfini
This study reports findings across four preregistered experiments (total N = 856) that establish the multidimensional nature of impasse and resolve two paradoxes implicit in the problem-solving literature: how a state of impasse can be at once necessary to solve a problem with insight yet also have appear to have a catastrophic effect on solution rates, and why individuals such as problem-solving and gaming enthusiasts seem to seek out this apparently aversive state. We introduce a new way of measuring impasse based on qualitative reports and subsequently confirmed through quantitative analysis that exploits two aspects of impasse: its dynamic and unstable nature (it can be resolved or unresolved) and its multidimensionality in terms of feelings of cognitive speediness, motivation, and affect...
February 22, 2024: Cognition
https://read.qxmd.com/read/38368678/the-perception-of-dramatic-risks-biased-media-but-unbiased-minds
#19
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Thorsten Pachur
In their famous study on risk judgments, Lichtenstein, Slovic, Fischhoff, Layman, and Combs (1978) concluded that people tend to overestimate the frequencies of dramatic causes of death (e.g., homicide, tornado) and underestimate the frequencies of nondramatic ones (e.g., diabetes, heart disease). Further, their analyses of newspapers indicated that dramatic risks are overrepresented in the media-suggesting that people's distorted risk perceptions might be driven by distortions in media coverage. Although these patterns were not evaluated statistically in the original analyses, the conclusions have become a staple in the social sciences...
February 17, 2024: Cognition
https://read.qxmd.com/read/38364444/hierarchical-and-dynamic-relationships-between-body-part-ownership-and-full-body-ownership
#20
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Sophie H O'Kane, Marie Chancel, H Henrik Ehrsson
What is the relationship between experiencing individual body parts and the whole body as one's own? We theorised that body part ownership is driven primarily by the perceptual binding of visual and somatosensory signals from specific body parts, whereas full-body ownership depends on a more global binding process based on multisensory information from several body segments. To examine this hypothesis, we used a bodily illusion and asked participants to rate illusory changes in ownership over five different parts of a mannequin's body and the mannequin as a whole, while we manipulated the synchrony or asynchrony of visual and tactile stimuli delivered to three different body parts...
February 15, 2024: Cognition
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