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Journals Journal of the Experimental An...

Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior

https://read.qxmd.com/read/38010287/the-behavioral-origins-of-phylogenic-responses-and-ontogenic-habits
#21
JOURNAL ARTICLE
W David Stahlman, Kenneth J Leising
An examination of innate behavior and its possible origins suggests parallels with the formation of habitual behavior. Inflexible but adaptive responses-innate reflexive behavior, Pavlovian conditioned responses, and operant habits-may have evolved from variable behavior in phylogeny and ontogeny. This form of "plasticity-first" scientific narrative was unpopular post-Darwin but has recently gained credibility in evolutionary biology. The present article seeks to identify originating events and contingencies contributing to such inflexible but adaptive behavior at both phylogenic and ontogenic levels of selection...
November 27, 2023: Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior
https://read.qxmd.com/read/37988256/expanding-on-cross-price-elasticity-understanding-tobacco-product-demand-and-substitution-from-the-cross-price-purchase-task
#22
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Rose S Bono, Augustus M White, Cosima Hoetger, Thokozeni Lipato, Warren K Bickel, Caroline O Cobb, Andrew J Barnes
We examine whether cigarettes serve as substitutes for electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) among ENDS users and demonstrate methodological extensions of data from a cross-price purchase task to inform policies and interventions. During a clinical laboratory study, n = 19 exclusive ENDS users and n = 17 dual cigarette/ENDS users completed a cross-price purchase task with cigarettes available at a fixed price while prices of own-brand ENDS increased. We estimated cross-price elasticity using linear models to examine substitutability...
November 21, 2023: Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior
https://read.qxmd.com/read/37983885/from-data-through-discount-rates-to-the-area-under-the-curve
#23
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Peter R Killeen
The rate of discounting future goods is a crucial factor in intertemporal trade-offs, upon which depends not only individual well-being but also that of our planet: How much privation now for a temperate future for our grandchildren? What is the best way to measure how the value of future goods decreases with its delay? The most accurate discount functions involve several covarying parameters, making interpretation equivocal. A universal and robust measure is the area under the discount curve, the AuC. The AuC of a hyperbolic discount function is a logarithmic function of the discount rate, k...
November 20, 2023: Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior
https://read.qxmd.com/read/37877755/relating-different-perspectives-on-how-outcomes-of-behavior-influence-behavior
#24
REVIEW
Jan De Houwer, Martin Finn, Yannick Boddez, Sean Hughes, Jamie Cummins
Many researchers have tackled the question of how behavior is influenced by its outcomes. Some have adopted a nonmechanistic (functional) perspective that attempts to describe the influence of outcomes on behavior. Others have adopted a mechanistic (cognitive) perspective that attempts to explain the influence of outcomes on behavior. Orthogonal to this distinction, some have focused on the influence of outcomes that a behavior had in the past, whereas others also consider the influence of outcomes that a behavior might have in the future...
October 25, 2023: Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior
https://read.qxmd.com/read/37771263/evidence-of-precurrent-responses-expanding-equivalence-classes-in-a-delayed-matching-to-sample-task
#25
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Giovan W Ribeiro, Deisy G de Souza
Delayed matching to sample (DMTS) increases the probability of equivalence class formation. Precurrent responses can mediate the retention interval in DMTS trials and control the selection of comparisons. In human participants, precurrent responses usually consist of naming the experimental stimuli based on their similarities to meaningful stimuli with preexperimental history. We tested whether precurrents expand classes by serving as nodes between experimental and meaningful stimuli. A DMTS (2 s) was used throughout the entire experiment...
September 28, 2023: Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior
https://read.qxmd.com/read/37752741/response-dependent-point-loss-and-response-force-as-disrupting-operations-on-behavioral-resistance-to-change-in-humans
#26
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Carlos Eduardo Costa, André Connor de Méo Luiz, Lucas Franco Carmona, Guilherme Dutra Ponce, Roberto Alves Banaco, Kennon A Lattal
Behavioral momentum theory (BMT) provides a theoretical and methodological framework for understanding how differentially maintained operant responding resists disruption. A common way to test operant resistance involves contingencies with suppressive effects, such as extinction or prefeeding. Other contingencies with known suppressive effects, such as response-cost procedures arranged as point-loss or increases in response force, remain untested as disruptive events within the BMT framework. In the present set of three experiments, responding of humans was maintained by point accumulation programmed according to a multiple variable-interval (VI) VI schedule with different reinforcement rates in either of two components...
September 26, 2023: Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior
https://read.qxmd.com/read/37750037/stimulus-control-of-a-social-operant
#27
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Kennon A Lattal, Hiroto Okouchi
Three pigeon dyads were exposed to a two-component multiple schedule comprised of two tandem variable-interval 30-s interresponse time (IRT) > 3-s schedules in the presence of different stimuli. Pecks to keys by both pigeons of a dyad occurring within 500 ms of one another were required for reinforcement under one tandem schedule (the coordination component), and such coordinated responses were not required under the other (the control component). The terminal link of each schedule ensured that the reinforced coordination response was an IRT > 3 s...
September 26, 2023: Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior
https://read.qxmd.com/read/37727992/emergence-of-a-three-sample-conditional-discrimination-as-foundation-for-reasoning-capabilities
#28
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Luis Antonio Pérez-González, Héctor Martínez, Marlon Palomino
We hypothesized that a three-sample conditional discrimination can emerge as a result of learning conditional discriminations with relational stimuli. After learning three first-order conditional discriminations AB, PQ, and CD, we taught a second-order conditional discrimination XAB in which X1 indicated selection of related stimuli (e.g., A1 and B1) and X2 of unrelated stimuli (e.g., A1 and B2). Then, we probed the emergence of conditional discriminations PQX and XCD in which the X stimuli were comparisons and contextual stimuli, respectively...
September 20, 2023: Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior
https://read.qxmd.com/read/37710382/transfer-of-functions-based-on-equivalence-class-formation-using-musical-stimuli
#29
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Thiago H S Martins, Raone M Rodrigues, Felipe C O Araújo, Átila M Cedro, Renato Bortoloti, André A B Varella, Edson M Huziwara
Empirical evidence has supported that musical excerpts written in major and minor modes are responsible for evoking happiness and sadness, respectively. In this study, we evaluated whether the emotional content evoked by musical stimuli would transfer to abstract figures when they became members of the same equivalence class. Participants assigned to the experimental group were submitted to a training procedure to form equivalence classes comprising musical excerpts (A) and meaningless abstract figures (B, C, and D)...
September 14, 2023: Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior
https://read.qxmd.com/read/37710380/resurgence-of-goal-directed-actions-and-habits
#30
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Shun Fujimaki, Ting Hu, Yutaka Kosaki
This study investigated how goal-directed and habitual behaviors recover after extinction within the context of the resurgence effect, a form of relapse induced by the removal or worsening of alternative reinforcement. Rats were trained to press a target lever with one reinforcer (O1) for either minimal (4) or extended (16) sessions. An extinction test after the completion of O1 devaluation confirmed that minimal and extended training formed goal-directed and habitual behaviors, respectively. Then, pressing an alternative lever was reinforced with a second reinforcer (O2) while the target response was placed on extinction...
September 14, 2023: Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior
https://read.qxmd.com/read/37706228/theory-of-reinforcement-schedules
#31
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Peter R Killeen
The three principles of reinforcement are (1) events such as incentives and reinforcers increase the activity of an organism; (2) that activity is bounded by competition from other responses; and (3) animals approach incentives and their signs, guided by their temporal and physical conditions, together called the "contingencies of reinforcement." Mathematical models of each of these principles comprised mathematical principles of reinforcement (MPR; Killeen, 1994). Over the ensuing decades, MPR was extended to new experimental contexts...
September 14, 2023: Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior
https://read.qxmd.com/read/37694442/reduced-access-to-reinforcement-drives-delay-discounting-during-experienced-delays
#32
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Anne C Macaskill, Kendra Thompson-Davies, Maree J Hunt
Rewards lose value as a function of delay. Previous studies suggest that delays have a bigger effect on reward value when people must wait during the delay. However, whether delays involve waiting or postponing has often been confounded with whether choices are about hypothetical or real rewards. The current study characterized the effects of waiting and postponing in hypothetical and experiential choice contexts separately. In Experiment 1 we observed steeper delay discounting for waiting than for postponing in choices about both hypothetical money and about experienced computer game points...
September 11, 2023: Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior
https://read.qxmd.com/read/37694437/real-potentially-real-and-hypothetical-monetary-rewards-in-probability-discounting
#33
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Hiroto Okouchi
Although hypothetical rewards have been used almost exclusively in human discounting studies, investigations of their validity are limited. The present experiment compared the discounting of monetary reward value by probability across conditions in which the rewards were real, potentially real, and hypothetical. Twenty-four undergraduates choose between an uncertain large reward and a certain small reward 60 times (trials). In the real and hypothetical reward conditions, the participants made choices with real and hypothetical money, respectively, in every trial...
September 11, 2023: Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior
https://read.qxmd.com/read/37680018/translational-evaluation-of-on-off-alternative-reinforcement-cycling
#34
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Sean W Smith, Brian D Greer
Cycling between the availability and unavailability of reinforcement for alternative responding has successfully reduced resurgence in basic laboratory evaluations, but this approach represents a marked departure from current standards of care when treating problem behavior, warranting careful translation before its use clinically. Therefore, with extinction arranged for target responding across groups in Phase 2, we evaluated the effects of cycling between the availability and unavailability of differential reinforcement of alternative behavior (DRA) using a computer-based task with adult humans recruited through Amazon MTurk...
September 7, 2023: Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior
https://read.qxmd.com/read/37581958/divided-stimulus-control-depends-on-differential-and-nondifferential-reinforcement-testing-a-quantitative-model
#35
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Stephanie Gomes-Ng, Sarah Cowie, Douglas Elliffe
We investigated the effects of differential and nondifferential reinforcers on divided control by compound-stimulus dimensions. Six pigeons responded in a delayed matching-to-sample procedure in which a blue or yellow sample stimulus flashed on/off at a fast or slow rate, and subjects reported its color or alternation frequency. The dimension to report was unsignaled (Phase 1) or signaled (Phase 2). Correct responses were reinforced with a probability of .70, and the probability of reinforcers for errors varied across conditions...
August 15, 2023: Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior
https://read.qxmd.com/read/37526100/resistance-to-change-of-behavior-and-of-theory
#36
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Andrew R Craig
The persistence of operant behavior when disrupted tends to be positively related to how often reinforcers were delivered in the past. Behavioral momentum theory describes this finding as the outcome of Pavlovian processes. That is, the relation between discriminative stimuli and reinforcers that were delivered in their presence strengthens behavior, thereby making it more likely to persist. If only the story were that simple. A growing number of findings challenge the basic tenets of behavioral momentum theory...
August 1, 2023: Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior
https://read.qxmd.com/read/37464554/expanding-a-laboratory-model-for-evaluating-relapse-of-caregiver-nonadherence
#37
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Catherine L Williams, Kyleigh L Montague, Alec M Bernstein, Nathan A Call, Sarah K Slocum
Caregiver adherence to treatment plans is likely maintained by negative reinforcement and can contact extinction when child responding relapses. When caregiver adherence contacts extinction, caregiver nonadherence, such as reinforcing their child's challenging behavior, relapses, threatening treatment efficacy. Previous laboratory models demonstrating the relapse of caregiver nonadherence only evaluated treatment for behavior maintained by social-positive reinforcement, not that maintained by social-negative reinforcement...
July 18, 2023: Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior
https://read.qxmd.com/read/37464552/prisoner-s-dilemma-and-the-free-operant-john-nash-i-d-like-you-to-meet-fred-skinner
#38
JOURNAL ARTICLE
John V Keller
In separate chambers, responding by two pairs of pigeons was reinforced under concurrent random-ratio schedules of reinforcement. For each pair, the birds' schedules were coupled in such a manner that left- and right-key reinforcement probabilities were determined by the key being pecked by the other pigeon of the pair. In this way, a reinforcement matrix, like that of the popular Prisoner's Dilemma game of game theory, was created. The responding of all subjects soon gravitated to the choice combination identified by the mathematician John Nash as the equilibrium of the Prisoner's Dilemma game...
July 18, 2023: Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior
https://read.qxmd.com/read/37414742/owner-implemented-paired-stimulus-food-preference-assessments-for-companion-dogs
#39
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Mindy R Waite, Tiffany M Kodak
Behavioral interventions for animals typically require the inclusion of programmed reinforcers. Although pet owners and human caregivers can often identify items that the animal will consume, preference assessments can more accurately determine relative preference rankings between various stimuli, which is important given that higher preferred items tend to function as more effective reinforcers than lower preferred items. Preference assessments have been developed to identify rankings for a variety of stimuli across species, including the domesticated dog (Canis lupus familiaris)...
July 2023: Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior
https://read.qxmd.com/read/37350325/experimental-analysis-of-canine-behavior-and-cognition-introduction-to-the-special-issue
#40
REVIEW
Nathaniel J Hall, Lucia Lazarowski, Timothy L Edwards
Over the last 3 decades, the use and popularity of canid models for basic and applied behavioral research has grown dramatically, and for good reasons. Dogs are uniquely among the human world, living and working in our homes and places of employment while an even greater population lives on the outskirts of human life, scavenging and navigating the city life. This provides a rich continuum of environmental contexts for the canine experience, leading to some unique and even human-like behaviors in animals. The articles in this special issue provide additional insight into factors that influence canine welfare, methods for evaluating dogs' preferences and the reinforcing effectiveness of stimuli, trick learning and retention, concept learning, and scent detection performance under sparse reinforcement conditions...
June 23, 2023: Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior
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