AJR. American Journal of Roentgenology

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Background: Prevalence of childhood obesity has increased significantly worldwide, highlighting a need for accurate noninvasive quantification of body fat distribution in children. Objective: To develop and test an automated deep learning method for subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) segmentation using Dixon MRI acquisitions in adolescents. Methods: This study was embedded within the Generation R Study, a prospective population-based cohort study in Rotterdam, the Netherlands...

Background: New biologic agents for Crohn disease (CD) create a need for noninvasive disease markers. DWI may assess bowel inflammation without contrast agents. Objective: To evaluate ADC values for identifying bowel inflammation and therapeutic response in patients with CD treated with biologic therapy. Methods: This study entailed post-hoc analysis of prospective trial data. Analysis included 89 patients (median age, 37 years; 49 women, 40 men) with CD treated by biologic therapy who underwent MR enterography (MRE) at baseline and 46 weeks after therapy, from March 2013 to April 2021; 43 patients underwent ileocolonoscopy at both time points...

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Lung cancer continues to be the most common cause of cancer-related death worldwide. In the past decade, with the implementation of lung cancer screening programs and advances in surgical and nonsurgical therapies, the survival of patients with lung cancer has increased, as has the number of imaging studies that these patients undergo. However, most patients with lung cancer do not undergo surgical re-section, because they have comorbid disease or lung cancer in an advanced stage at diagnosis. Nonsurgical therapies have continued to evolve with a growing range of systemic and targeted therapies, and there has been an associated evolution in the imaging findings encountered at follow-up examinations after such therapies (e...

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Patients with Crohn disease commonly develop bowel strictures, which exhibit varying degrees of inflammation and fibrosis. Differentiation of strictures' distinct inflammatory and fibrotic components is key for the optimization of therapeutic management and for the development of antifibrotic drugs. Cross-sectional imaging techniques, including ultrasound, CT, and MRI, allow evaluation of the full thickness of the bowel wall, as well as of extramural complications and associated mesenteric abnormalities. Although promising data have been reported for a range of novel imaging biomarkers for fibrosis detection and quantification of fibrosis degree, these biomarkers lack sufficient validation and standardization for clinical use...

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Background: Radiologists show variable diagnostic performance and considerable inter-reader variability when interpreting MR enterography (MRE) examinations for suspected Crohn disease (CD). Objective: To develop a machine learning-based method for predicting ileal CD using radiomic features of ileal wall and mesenteric fat from noncontrast T2-weighted MR images, and to compare performance with that of expert radiologists. Methods: This single-institution study included retrospectively identified patients who underwent MRE for suspected ileal CD from January 1, 2020 to January 31, 2021, and prospectively enrolled participants (with newly diagnosed ileal CD or serving as healthy controls) from December 2018 to October 2021...

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Background: The Fontan operation palliates single-ventricle congenital heart disease but causes hepatic congestion with associated progressive hepatic fibrosis. Objective: To evaluate associations between liver stiffness measured using ultrasound shear-wave elastography (SWE) in patients with Fontan palliation and occurrence of portal hypertension and Fontan circulatory failure during follow-up. Methods: This retrospective study included 119 individuals ≥10 years old (median age, 19.1 years; 61 female, 58 male) with Fontan circulation who underwent liver ultrasound with 2D SWE from January 1, 2015, to January 1, 2022 and had ≥1 year of clinical follow-up (unless experiencing earlier outcome-related events)...

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Biliary duct dilation is a common incidental finding in practice, but one unlikely to indicate biliary obstruction in the absence of clinical symptoms or elevated liver chemistries. However, the clinical presentation may be nonspecific, and the liver chemistries either unavailable or difficult to interpret. The goal of this article is to review a series of topics fundamental to the management of biliary duct dilation, providing consensus recommendations in a question-and-answer format. We start by covering a basic approach to interpreting liver chemistries, strengths and weaknesses of the biliary imaging modalities, and how and where to measure the extrahepatic bile duct...