Surgical treatment of pulmonary hypertension: Lung transplantation.

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a serious and progressive disorder that results in right ventricular dysfunction that lead to subsequent right heart failure and death. When untreated the median survival for these patients is 2.8 years. Over the past decade advances in disease specific medical therapy considerably changed the natural history. This is reflected in a threefold decrease in the number of patients undergoing lung transplantation for PH which used to be main stay of treatment. Despite the successful development of medical therapy lung transplant still remains the gold standard for patients who fail medical therapy. Referral for lung transplant is recommended when patients have a less than 2-3 years of predicted survival or in NYHA class III or IV. Both single and bilateral lung transplants have been successfully performed for PH but outcome analyses and survival comparisons generally favor a bilateral lung transplant.