collection
https://read.qxmd.com/read/28174217/diagnosis-and-treatment-of-hyponatremia-compilation-of-the-guidelines
#1
REVIEW
Ewout J Hoorn, Robert Zietse
Hyponatremia is a common water balance disorder that often poses a diagnostic or therapeutic challenge. Therefore, guidelines were developed by professional organizations, one from within the United States (2013) and one from within Europe (2014). This review discusses the diagnosis and treatment of hyponatremia, comparing the two guidelines and highlighting recent developments. Diagnostically, the initial step is to differentiate hypotonic from nonhypotonic hyponatremia. Hypotonic hyponatremia is further differentiated on the basis of urine osmolality, urine sodium level, and volume status...
May 2017: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: JASN
https://read.qxmd.com/read/27733943/updates-in-anca-associated-vasculitis
#2
REVIEW
Christian Pagnoux
Antineutrophil cytoplasm antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitides are small-vessel vasculitides that include granulomatosis with polyangiitis (formerly Wegener's granulomatosis), microscopic polyangiitis, and eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Churg-Strauss syndrome). Renal-limited ANCA-associated vasculitides can be considered the fourth entity. Despite their rarity and still unknown cause(s), research pertaining to ANCA-associated vasculitides has been very active over the past decades. The pathogenic role of antimyeloperoxidase ANCA (MPO-ANCA) has been supported using several animal models, but that of antiproteinase 3 ANCA (PR3-ANCA) has not been as strongly demonstrated...
September 2016: European Journal of Rheumatology
https://read.qxmd.com/read/22274552/pharmacological-targets-in-the-renal-peritubular-microenvironment-implications-for-therapy-for-sepsis-induced-acute-kidney-injury
#3
REVIEW
Philip R Mayeux, Lee Ann MacMillan-Crow
One of the most frequent and serious complications to develop in septic patients is acute kidney injury (AKI), a disorder characterized by a rapid failure of the kidneys to adequately filter the blood, regulate ion and water balance, and generate urine. AKI greatly worsens the already poor prognosis of sepsis and increases cost of care. To date, therapies have been mostly supportive; consequently there has been little change in the mortality rates over the last decade. This is due, at least in part, to the delay in establishing clinical evidence of an infection and the associated presence of the systemic inflammatory response syndrome and thus, a delay in initiating therapy...
May 2012: Pharmacology & Therapeutics
https://read.qxmd.com/read/21566052/sepsis-and-acute-kidney-injury
#4
REVIEW
Abolfazl Zarjou, Anupam Agarwal
Sepsis is a severe and dysregulated inflammatory response to infection characterized by end-organ dysfunction distant from the primary site of infection. Development of acute kidney injury (AKI) during sepsis increases patient morbidity, predicts higher mortality, has a significant effect on multiple organ functions, is associated with an increased length of stay in the intensive care unit, and hence consumes considerable healthcare resources. When compared with AKI of nonseptic origin, septic AKI is characterized by a distinct pathophysiology and therefore requires a different approach...
June 2011: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: JASN
https://read.qxmd.com/read/26029837/update-in-sepsis-and-acute-kidney-injury-2014
#5
REVIEW
Frédérique Schortgen, Pierre Asfar
Sepsis and acute kidney injury (AKI) represent an important burden in intensive care unit clinical practices. The Journal published important contributions in sepsis for novel therapeutic approaches suggesting that combined molecular targets (e.g., dual inhibition of IL-1β and IL-18, and coadministration of endothelial progenitor cells and stromal cell-derived factor-1α analog) could perform better. The clinical effectiveness of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D was reported in a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial...
June 1, 2015: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine
https://read.qxmd.com/read/26408108/how-we-diagnose-and-treat-iron-deficiency-anemia
#6
REVIEW
Michael Auerbach, John W Adamson
It is estimated that one-third of the world's population is anemic, the majority being due to iron deficiency (ID). In adults, ID is associated with fatigue in the absence of anemia, restless legs syndrome, pica and, in neonates, delayed growth and development. In adolescents, ID is associated with decrements in learning and behavioral abnormalities. In the absence of a clear cause, search for a source of bleeding is indicated. No single test is diagnostic of ID unless the serum ferritin is low or the percent transferrin saturation is low with an elevated total iron binding capacity...
January 2016: American Journal of Hematology
https://read.qxmd.com/read/27095365/evidence-based-clinical-practice-guidelines-for-iga-nephropathy-2014
#7
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Yukio Yuzawa, Ryohei Yamamoto, Kazuo Takahashi, Ritsuko Katafuchi, Makoto Tomita, Yoshihide Fujigaki, Hiroshi Kitamura, Masashi Goto, Takashi Yasuda, Mitsuhiro Sato, Maki Urushihara, Shuji Kondo, Shoji Kagami, Yoshinari Yasuda, Hiroyuki Komatsu, Miki Takahara, Yasuaki Harabuchi, Kenjiro Kimura, Seiichi Matsuo
No abstract text is available yet for this article.
August 2016: Clinical and Experimental Nephrology
https://read.qxmd.com/read/27143948/prevention-of-catheter-related-bloodstream-infections-in-patients-on-hemodialysis-challenges-and-management-strategies
#8
REVIEW
Vivek Soi, Carol L Moore, Lalathakasha Kumbar, Jerry Yee
Catheter-related bloodstream infections are a significant source of morbidity and mortality in the end-stage renal disease population. Although alternative accesses to undergoing renal replacement therapy exist, many patients begin hemodialysis with a dialysis catheter due to logistic and physiologic factors involved in arteriovenous fistula creation and maturation. Colonization of catheters via skin flora leads to the production of biofilm, which acts as a reservoir for virulent bacteria. Preventative therapies center on appropriate catheter maintenance, infection control measures, and early removal of devices as patients transition to other access...
2016: International Journal of Nephrology and Renovascular Disease
https://read.qxmd.com/read/27152201/catheter-related-bloodstream-infection-in-end-stage-kidney-disease-a-canadian-narrative-review
#9
REVIEW
Chris Lata, Louis Girard, Michael Parkins, Matthew T James
PURPOSE OF THE REVIEW: Patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) are at a high risk of bacterial infection. We reviewed publications on risk factors, prevention, and treatment paradigms, as well as outcomes associated with bacterial infection in end-stage kidney disease. We focused in particular on studies conducted in Canada where rates of haemodialysis catheter use are high. SOURCES OF INFORMATION: We included original research articles in English text identified from MEDLINE using search terms 'chronic kidney failure', 'renal dialysis', or 'chronic renal insufficiency', and 'bacterial infection'...
2016: Canadian Journal of Kidney Health and Disease
https://read.qxmd.com/read/27049372/pathogenesis-and-treatment-of-glomerulonephritis-an-update
#10
REVIEW
William G Couser
This review updates current concepts of the genetic risk factors, etiologic events, nephtitogenic responses and treatment of the major immunologically mediated types of glomerulonephritis (GN). These include post-infectious GN, IgA nephropathy, anti-glomerular basement membrane (GBM) antibody disease, ANCA-associated vasculitis (AAV) and lupus nephritis. Although the etiology(s) of most GNs remain undefined, many are now believed to be initiated by environmental insults, particularly infectious processes, that trigger host responses in genetically susceptible individuals which lead to GN...
March 2016: Jornal Brasileiro de Nefrologia: ʹorgão Oficial de Sociedades Brasileira e Latino-Americana de Nefrologia
https://read.qxmd.com/read/27099135/evidence-based-clinical-practice-guidelines-for-rapidly-progressive-glomerulonephritis-2014
#11
REVIEW
Yoshihiro Arimura, Eri Muso, Shoichi Fujimoto, Midori Hasegawa, Shinya Kaname, Joichi Usui, Toshiko Ihara, Masaki Kobayashi, Mitsuyo Itabashi, Kiyoki Kitagawa, Junichi Hirahashi, Kenjiro Kimura, Seiichi Matsuo
No abstract text is available yet for this article.
June 2016: Clinical and Experimental Nephrology
https://read.qxmd.com/read/27099136/evidence-based-clinical-practice-guidelines-for-nephrotic-syndrome-2014
#12
REVIEW
Shinichi Nishi, Yoshifumi Ubara, Yasunori Utsunomiya, Koichi Okada, Yoko Obata, Hiroyasu Kai, Hideyasu Kiyomoto, Shin Goto, Tsuneo Konta, Yoshie Sasatomi, Yoshinobu Sato, Tomoya Nishino, Kazuhiko Tsuruya, Kengo Furuichi, Junichi Hoshino, Yasuhiro Watanabe, Kenjiro Kimura, Seiichi Matsuo
No abstract text is available yet for this article.
June 2016: Clinical and Experimental Nephrology
https://read.qxmd.com/read/25704348/management-of-hypertension-in-ckd-beyond-the-guidelines
#13
REVIEW
Eric Judd, David A Calhoun
Hypertension (HTN) and CKD are closely associated with an intermingled cause and effect relationship. Blood pressure (BP) typically rises with declines in kidney function, and sustained elevations in BP hasten progression of kidney disease. This review addresses current management issues in HTN in patients with CKD including altered circadian rhythm of BP, timing of antihypertensive medication dosing, BP targets, diagnostic challenges in evaluating secondary forms of HTN, and the role of salt restriction in CKD...
March 2015: Advances in Chronic Kidney Disease
https://read.qxmd.com/read/25908469/the-intrarenal-renin-angiotensin-system-in-hypertension
#14
REVIEW
Robert M Carey
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is a well-studied hormonal cascade controlling fluid and electrolyte balance and blood pressure through systemic actions. The classical RAS includes renin, an enzyme catalyzing the conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin (Ang) I, followed by angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) cleavage of Ang I to II, and activation of AT1 receptors, which are responsible for all RAS biologic actions. Recent discoveries have transformed the RAS into a far more complex system with several new pathways: the (des-aspartyl(1))-Ang II (Ang III)/AT2 receptor pathway, the ACE-2/Ang (1-7)/Mas receptor pathway, and the prorenin-renin/prorenin receptor/mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway, among others...
May 2015: Advances in Chronic Kidney Disease
https://read.qxmd.com/read/25908474/our-own-worst-enemy-pharmacologic-mechanisms-of-hypertension
#15
REVIEW
Lynn E Kassel, Lauren E Odum
Drug-induced hypertension is often an unrecognized cause of resistant or secondary hypertension. It is defined as hypertension resulting from the unintended effect of a drug or from a drug's antagonistic effect on antihypertensive medications. The main mechanisms of drug-induced hypertension, when categorized broadly, include volume retention and sympathomimetic effects. These mechanisms along with management strategies will be further discussed in this article.
May 2015: Advances in Chronic Kidney Disease
https://read.qxmd.com/read/26088075/urologic-considerations-and-complications-in-kidney-transplant-recipients
#16
REVIEW
Heather N Di Carlo, Frank S Darras
Urologic considerations during the kidney transplantation process, starting with initial recipient evaluation and continuing through the post-transplant, long-term follow-up, are critical for minimizing urologic complications and improving graft survival. Appropriate, targeted, preoperative urologic evaluation of the recipient allows for an optimized urinary tract to accept the graft, whereas post-transplant urologic follow-up and monitoring decrease the risk of graft lost secondary to a urologic cause, particularly in patients with a urologic reason for their kidney failure and in those patients with concomitant urologic diagnoses...
July 2015: Advances in Chronic Kidney Disease
https://read.qxmd.com/read/26311596/current-management-of-chronic-hepatitis-b-and-c-in-chronic-kidney-disease
#17
REVIEW
Adam E Mikolajczyk, Andrew I Aronsohn
The landscape of therapeutic options for hepatitis B and C has changed drastically over the course of 2 decades. There are now novel, effective, well-tolerated, oral antiviral agents being used to successfully control chronic hepatitis B (HBV) infections and cure chronic hepatitis C (HCV) infections. However, patients with CKD were rarely included in the Phase II and III randomized trials for these medications. This paucity of data and the high prevalence of comorbidities associated with CKD pose distinct challenges to physicians treating chronic hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus infections in the setting of kidney insufficiency/failure...
September 2015: Advances in Chronic Kidney Disease
https://read.qxmd.com/read/26311599/what-a-nephrologist-needs-to-know-about-acute-liver-failure
#18
REVIEW
Thomas M Leventhal, Kathleen D Liu
Although relatively rare in the United States, acute liver failure (ALF) is associated with very high rates of morbidity and mortality. A leading cause of morbidity and mortality is cerebral edema and intracranial hypertension. Hypothermia, osmotic diuretics, and hyperosmolar therapy are commonly used to manage these complications; however, when these are ineffective, renal replacement therapy may be needed for volume management. Acute kidney injury is a common complication of ALF and may arise from a number of etiologies, including hepatorenal syndrome and acute tubular necrosis...
September 2015: Advances in Chronic Kidney Disease
https://read.qxmd.com/read/26709058/aging-biology-in-the-kidney
#19
REVIEW
Markus Bitzer, Jocelyn Wiggins
The notion that kidney function declines with age in the general population is well known in the Nephrology community and the average loss of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) about 1ml per year in most longitudinal studies. There is much debate within the community about whether this represents "normal aging" or whether this constitutes a form of renal disease. However this debate turns out, the real question is whether this decline is preventable - can it be modified or slowed? Efforts to find drivers of this decline are still in the very earliest stages, but have shown some promise at elucidating some of the pathologies involved...
January 2016: Advances in Chronic Kidney Disease
https://read.qxmd.com/read/26709059/structural-and-functional-changes-with-the-aging-kidney
#20
REVIEW
Aleksandar Denic, Richard J Glassock, Andrew D Rule
Senescence or normal physiologic aging portrays the expected age-related changes in the kidney as compared to a disease that occurs in some but not all individuals. The microanatomical structural changes of the kidney with older age include a decreased number of functional glomeruli from an increased prevalence of nephrosclerosis (arteriosclerosis, glomerulosclerosis, and tubular atrophy with interstitial fibrosis), and to some extent, compensatory hypertrophy of remaining nephrons. Among the macroanatomical structural changes, older age associates with smaller cortical volume, larger medullary volume until middle age, and larger and more numerous kidney cysts...
January 2016: Advances in Chronic Kidney Disease
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