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Collections 2 Minute Medicine ® - Hematol...

2 Minute Medicine ® - Hematology/Oncology (Oncology Focus)

https://read.qxmd.com/read/101001822/typhoid-conjugate-vaccine-shows-promising-long-term-efficacy-in-children
#1
SUMMARY
Neel Mistry, Teddy Guo
1. Children randomized to the MenA group rather than the Vi-TT group were more likely to be diagnosed with typhoid fever. 2. Overall Vi-TT vaccine efficacy was 78.3% with the highest efficacy seen for children aged 2-4 years. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Study Rundown: Typhoid conjugate vaccines in Africa and Asia have shown high short-term efficacy, but data on long-term protection are limited. This study presents the final analysis of a trial in Malawi, spanning over 4 years, to assess vaccine efficacy over time and by age group...
March 26, 2024: 2 Minute Medicine
https://read.qxmd.com/read/101001821/adding-ribociclib-to-endocrine-therapy-appears-to-improve-invasive-disease-free-survival-in-patients-with-early-breast-cancer
#2
SUMMARY
Melanie Adams, Sze Wah Samuel Chan
1. Invasive disease-free survival was significantly higher in patients receiving adjuvant ribociclib + NSAI when compared to patients receiving NSAI alone. 2. Distant disease-free survival and recurrence-free survival also favoured treatment with adjuvant ribociclib + NSAI, compared to NSAI alone. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Study Rundown: In this phase 3, randomized, international, open-label trial, 5101 patients with stage II or III HR-positive, HER2-negative breast cancer were assigned to receive either, a reduced dose ribociclib (400 mg PO OD x 21 days, followed by 7 days off x 3 years) + NSAI or to receive NSAI alone (anastrozole)...
March 25, 2024: 2 Minute Medicine
https://read.qxmd.com/read/101001820/venetoclax-monotherapy-effectively-treats-relapsed-or-refractory-chronic-lymphocytic-leukemia
#3
SUMMARY
Vanessa Giuliano, Sze Wah Samuel Chan
1. VENICE-1 observed high response rates (complete or partial remission) in both BCRi-naïve and BCRi-pretreated patients with refractory or relapsed CLL. 2. Neutropenia was a common treatment-related adverse effect in those treated with venetoclax. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Study Rundown: VENICE-1 was an open-label multicentered trial that assessed the efficacy of venetoclax in the treatment of relapsed or refractory chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Patients included either previously treated relapsed, or refractory CLL...
March 25, 2024: 2 Minute Medicine
https://read.qxmd.com/read/101001819/a-cell-free-blood-based-dna-screening-test-for-colorectal-cancer-compared-to-colonoscopy
#4
SUMMARY
Kassandra McFarlane, Sze Wah Samuel Chan
1. 83.1% of patients with confirmed colorectal cancer had a positive cfDNA test meeting the accepted standard as outlined by the Food and Drug Administration. 2. Of patients without colorectal cancer, the majority (89.6%) tested negative in the screening blood test, meeting acceptable cut-offs for specificity. Evidence Rating Level : 2 (Good) Study Rundown: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most commonly diagnosed cancers in the USA and over 30% of those eligible are not up to date in their screening. Of those who die from CRC, most are not up to date with screening, emphasizing the importance of this preventative measure...
March 25, 2024: 2 Minute Medicine
https://read.qxmd.com/read/101001818/immunotherapy-vs-chemoimmunotherapy-in-older-adults-with-advanced-nsclc
#5
SUMMARY
Daniel Goldshtein, Sze Wah Samuel Chan
1. Adding chemotherapy to immunotherapy did not prolong OS or PFS, with non-significant differences in HR. 2. Grade 3 or higher immune-related adverse events occurred in 24.3% and 17.9% in the ICI-chemotherapy and ICI-alone groups. Evidence Rating Level : 2 (Good) Study Rundown : Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have significantly improved outcomes in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), with pembrolizumab showing promise in older adult populations based on pooled analyses and cohort studies. However, the efficacy and safety of combining ICIs with chemotherapy in older NSCLC patients remain uncertain, with previous analyses failing to demonstrate an overall survival benefit in patients aged 75 and older...
March 25, 2024: 2 Minute Medicine
https://read.qxmd.com/read/101001814/preoperative-breast-mri-may-reduce-need-for-adjuvant-radiotherapy-for-women-with-unifocal-breast-cancer
#6
SUMMARY
Neel Mistry, Teddy Guo
1. There were similar rates of ipsilateral invasive recurrence among the postoperative adjuvant radiotherapy group (group 1) and non-radiotherapy group (group 2). 2. 2% of patients in the total cohort underwent mastectomy and all of them were in the non-radiotherapy group. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Study Rundown: Adjuvant breast radiotherapy is a common practice in early breast cancer treatment, although some suggests it may be overtreatment. This randomized controlled trial aimed to explore whether the use of preoperative MRI can identify women with localized unifocal breast cancer who can safely avoid radiotherapy...
March 22, 2024: 2 Minute Medicine
https://read.qxmd.com/read/101001812/poor-longterm-adherence-to-surveillance-guidelines-for-childhood-cancer-survivors-in-canada
#7
SUMMARY
Rhianna Davis, Alex Chan
1. In this retrospective, population-based cohort study, adherence to health surveillance guidelines among adult survivors of childhood cancer in Ontario, Canada was suboptimal.  Evidence Rating Level : 2 (Good) It is known that adherence to long-term health surveillance guidelines among adult cancer survivors is poor. In this retrospective, population-based cohort study, researchers aimed to assess the adherence to surveillance guidelines for high-yield tests among adult survivors of childhood cancer. Participants in this study included adults who were diagnosed with childhood cancer between 1986 and 2014 in Ontario, Canada...
March 21, 2024: 2 Minute Medicine
https://read.qxmd.com/read/101001807/carbohydrate-quality-rather-than-quantity-affects-risk-of-colorectal-cancer
#8
SUMMARY
Alex Chan
1. In a large prospective cohort, consumption of higher quality carbohydrates was associated with a decreased risk of colorectal cancer compared to lower quality carbohydrate diets. 2. Lower carbohydrate quantity consumption was not associated with significant correlations in colorectal cancer risk or outcomes. Evidence Rating: 1 (Excellent) Colorectal cancer (CRC) confers a significant healthcare burden worldwide, and it has been well documented that individual CRC risk can be mediated through diet. In prior literature, both the quantity and quality of carbohydrate consumption has been postulated as potential mediators of CRC risk and outcomes, although this has not been well characterized...
March 14, 2024: 2 Minute Medicine
https://read.qxmd.com/read/101001806/imetelstat-improves-blood-transfusion-independence-in-lower-risk-myelodysplastic-syndromes
#9
SUMMARY
Neel Mistry, Teddy Guo
1. Significantly more patients in the imetelstat group achieved RBC transfusion independence at 8 weeks after treatment compared to placebo. 2. Grade 3-4 treatment-related adverse events were greater in the imetelstat group. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Study Rundown: Patients with red blood cell transfusion-dependent lower-risk myelodysplastic syndromes (LR-MDS) face unmet medical needs when unresponsive to erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs). Imetelstat, a telomerase inhibitor, showed promise in a phase 2 trial; however, limited evidence exists surrounding its therapeutic efficacy...
March 13, 2024: 2 Minute Medicine
https://read.qxmd.com/read/101001805/radiation-treatment-for-breast-cancer-may-increase-incidence-of-nonkeratinocyte-skin-cancer
#10
SUMMARY
Jayden Berdugo, Alex Chan
1.  Amongst a cohort of breast cancer survivors, those that were treated with radiation had a higher risk of developing nonkeratinocyte skin cancer. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good)  Cancer remains the second leading cause of death in the United States (US), even though incidence rates have declined. In the US, there are over 4 million breast cancer survivors that deal with mental and physical health challenges after the end of their treatment. Of the 875 880 patients with a new diagnosis of breast cancer, 51...
March 13, 2024: 2 Minute Medicine
https://read.qxmd.com/read/101001790/palliative-care-services-are-underutilized-at-end-of-life-in-ontario-canada
#11
SUMMARY
Jayden Berdugo, Alex Chan
1. In Ontario Canada, only 50% of home care clients received at least 1 or more palliative home care visits during their last 6 months of life. 2. The Risk Evaluation for Support: Predictions for Elder-life in their Communities Tool (RESPECT) served as a valuable prognostic model to provide early identification of palliative care needs.   Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Palliative care is as essential service in the provision of holistic and patient-centred care for those diagnosed with life-limiting illnesses...
March 7, 2024: 2 Minute Medicine
https://read.qxmd.com/read/101001783/chinese-patients-with-advanced-cancer-identified-6-themes-of-important-spiritual-needs
#12
SUMMARY
Yidi Wang, Flaviu Trifoi
1. Chinese patients with advanced cancer identified themes such as being treated as normal and independent individuals, receiving and giving love, seeking inner peace, connecting with spiritual sources, finding meaning and purpose, and preparing for death as important spiritual needs. 2. Within the theme of connecting with spiritual sources, the subthemes of important needs include seeking folk beliefs and seeking inner faith. Evidence Rating Level: 3 (Fair) Patients facing serious illnesses, such as cancer, often require attention to their physical and psychosocial needs...
March 4, 2024: 2 Minute Medicine
https://read.qxmd.com/read/101001782/atrial-fibrillation-risk-greater-in-younger-breast-cancer-survivors-compared-to-older-survivors-in-korea
#13
SUMMARY
Jayden Berdugo, Alex Chan
1. In a Korean cohort of breast cancer survivors, younger survivors had an increased risk of incident atrial fibrillation compared to older breast cancer survivors, regardless of length of follow-up. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Individuals previously treated with breast cancer may be at increased risk of developing atrial fibrillation (AF). Several mechanisms, such as the sharing of common risk factors between AF and cancer, cardiotoxicity of treatments, and health effects of cancer itself have been proposed to explain this association...
March 4, 2024: 2 Minute Medicine
https://read.qxmd.com/read/101001769/penetrating-traumatic-brain-injuries-associated-with-greater-risk-of-brain-cancer-amongst-veterans
#14
SUMMARY
Rhianna Davis, Alex Chan
1. Among United States veterans of the Iraq and Afghanistan wars, the experience of a moderate, severe, or penetrating traumatic brain injury was associated with a greater risk of developing brain cancer.  Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Primary brain cancer is uncommon, affecting 7.02 per 100,000 persons in the United States. Little is known about the risk factors for primary brain cancer. In this retrospective cohort study, researchers aimed to determine whether traumatic brain injury (TBI) is associated with the development of primary brain cancer...
February 23, 2024: 2 Minute Medicine
https://read.qxmd.com/read/101001767/presence-of-unmet-social-needs-associated-with-lower-utilization-of-breast-cancer-screening-programs
#15
SUMMARY
Rhianna Davis, Alex Chan
1. Having a greater number of unmet social needs was associated with lower utilization of screening mammography services, as well as a later stage of breast cancer at the time of diagnosis.  Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Social determinants of health (SDOH) are important drivers of health inequities. Unmet social needs, such as housing and food insecurity, are known to be associated with worse health outcomes. In this study, researchers aimed to determine whether unmet social needs are associated with the use of screening mammography programs and the stage of breast cancer diagnosis...
February 22, 2024: 2 Minute Medicine
https://read.qxmd.com/read/101001759/enobosarm-in-ar-positive-er-positive-and-her2-negative-advanced-breast-cancer
#16
SUMMARY
Daniel Goldshtein, Sze Wah Samuel Chan
1. The clinical benefit rate was 32% in the 9 mg group and 29% in the 18 mg group. 2. Grade 3 or higher treatment-related adverse events occurred in 8% of the 9 mg group and 16% in the 18 mg group. Evidence Rating Level : 1 (Excellent) Study Rundown: Androgen receptors (AR) have been shown to act as a tumour suppressor in estrogen receptor (ER)-positive, HER2-negative breast cancer, however, their use was limited due to virilizing side effects. Recent developments in selective AR modulators (SARMs), such as enobosarm, have prompted a reevaluation of AR agonism in ER-positive breast cancer...
February 19, 2024: 2 Minute Medicine
https://read.qxmd.com/read/101001758/tabelecleucel-is-a-therapeutic-option-for-ebv-related-post-transplant-lymphoproliferative-disease
#17
SUMMARY
Vanessa Giuliano, Sze Wah Samuel Chan
1. Tabelecleucel provided clinical improvement in patients with EBV-related post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease. 2. There were no fatal treatment related adverse events in those treated with tabelecleucel. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Study Rundown: The present study was a phase 3 multicenter trial that assessed the impact of tabelecleucel (a T-cell based immunotherapy directed against EBV) on patients with EBV-related post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease.  Patients included in the trial had EBV-positive post-transplant disease...
February 19, 2024: 2 Minute Medicine
https://read.qxmd.com/read/101001753/stereotactic-body-radiotherapy-enhances-survival-in-patients-with-non-small-cell-lung-cancer
#18
SUMMARY
Neel Mistry, Teddy Guo
1. Median progression-free survival was greater in the SBRT group than in the standard-of-care group. 2. Patients with NSCLC displayed a significant survival benefit with SBRT in comparison to patients with breast cancer. Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent) Study Rundown: Most patients with metastatic breast cancer develop resistance to systemic therapy. Stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) is a relatively novel technique that may limit disease progression, although its evidence in non-small-cell lung cancer and metastatic breast cancer patients has been limited...
February 14, 2024: 2 Minute Medicine
https://read.qxmd.com/read/101001748/biosimilar-mw032-vs-denosumab-for-solid-tumor%C3%A3-%C3%A2-%C3%A2-related-bone-metastases
#19
SUMMARY
Daniel Goldshtein, Sze Wah Samuel Chan
1. The change of uNTx/uCr (a marker of bone resorption) was within the equivalence margin in the MW032 group and in the denosumab group across the 53 weeks of follow-up. 2. Treatment-related adverse events grade 3 or worse occurred at similar rates across both groups (53.8% in the MW032 group and 57.6% in the denosumab group). Evidence Rating Level : 1 (Excellent) Study Rundown: Metastatic bone disease is a common complication of cancer resulting in skeletal-related events (SREs). Denosumab, a human monoclonal antibody, has shown efficacy in inhibiting osteoclast function and preventing SREs in patients with metastatic bone disease, and MW032, a biosimilar to denosumab, demonstrated bioequivalence in a phase 1 study...
February 12, 2024: 2 Minute Medicine
https://read.qxmd.com/read/101001738/immune-checkpoint-inhibitors-may-increase-risk-of-atherosclerotic-cardiovascular-disease
#20
SUMMARY
Jayden Berdugo, Alex Chan
1. In patients diagnosed with stage III or IV non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), immune checkpoint inhibitors were associated with a greater risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good) Tumor treatment has become significantly better, specifically with the start of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). ICIs can be used to target programmed cell death 1 (PD-1), programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4). An important biomarker is coronary artery calcium (CAC) as it can show direct proof of coronary atherosclerosis which has a high association with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD)...
February 8, 2024: 2 Minute Medicine
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